NOTE: the text corresponds to (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 195) with additions
and corrections (Korshunov, 1996) incorporated 

SUPERFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEA Latreille, [1802]
(= Rhopalocera Dumeril, 1823)



FAMILIA PAPILIONIDAE


  The butterflies of a large and intermediate size with a great
versatility of wing patterns and colourations. White, yellow, or, less
frequently, green, brown, or other colours predominate. The anal edge of
the hind wing is to some extent concave. All the legs are normally
developed and act while walking. The larvae bear an osmeterium, a
smelling suction fork, on the first segment.
  The world fauna hardly exceeds 550 species; the family ranges all over
the world, but the majority of species are confined to tropics. The fauna
of the Asian part of Russia includes 22 species.


SUBFAMILIA PAPILIONINAE


  Large butterflies of bright colouration, hind wings of our species have
tails. The pupae have angular prominences on the head and the back of the
thorax; they are attached head upwards by tail hooks and a belt of silk
thread around the back.
  This is a large subfamily including 480 species, the majority of which
range in the tropics and subtropics.



TRIBUS TROIDINI Ford, 1944.


GENUS ATROPHANEURA Reakirt, [1865].
Type species: Atrophaneura erythrosoma Reakirt, [1865].

  32 species of the genus range in E and SE Asia and Australia.


50.  Atrophaneura alcinous (Klug, 1896).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

RANGE: widely distributed in E.Asia and Japan, the northern part of the
range entering the Khasan District in SW Primorye: the valleys of the
Amba, El'duga, Sanguga Rivers, the mine Gusevskii Rudnik environs, the
Borisovskoe (Shufan) Plateau. Some years temperate populations in the
botanical garden of Vladivostok and on the De Vires Peninsula, which soon
perish due to winter frosts (V. Dubatolov).

HABITAT: open stands of trees and edges of mixed fir/broad-leaved
forests. Imagines feed on the flowers of Sorbaria  sorbifolia, Aralia,
Lonicera maackii, Padus maackii.

FLIGHT PERIOD: late May/June and July/August, in two broods.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1982) and Primorye
(Y.N. Glushchenko), the results coincide well.  Foodplant: Aristolochia
manshuriensis. Eggs: brownish with reddish ribs and a projection on the
apex, laid by one to three on the underside of shaded leaves of the
foodplant. Larva: dark brownish red with transversal pale bands forming a
horseshoe-like pattern on segments 6 and 7 and with several rows of red
fleshy tubercles rising from almost black background; keeps to the leaf
underside. Pupa: on stems of the foodplant or surrounding vegetation.
hibernates. It is covered with dense waxy bloom, cream-yellow with
brownish thorax bearing orange spots; the body is strongly bent, the back
is humped, the ventral side is incised before the abdomen.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 40-50 mm. The wings are brown-black in
males, ash-grey with black veins in females; the hind wing has red
submarginal lunules.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: In Russia - subspecies confusus Rotschild,  1905.



TRIBUS PAPILIONINI Latreille, [1802]


GENUS PAPILIO Linnaeus, 1758.
Type species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758.

  F.w.l.: 32-57 mm in our species; wings yellow with  black  pattern,
hind wing with a stretched-out tail.
  In a modern content this is a Holarctic genus including 18 species.


51.  Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden.

RANGE: the non-tropical Eurasia, N. Africa, ? N. America.

HABITAT: meadows of various types, open woodland, river valleys, gardens,
etc.; in the mountains inhabits the forest belt but some imagines occur
up to the snow-line. In mountain regions the butterflies often keep to
barren mountain tops.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in forest-steppe zone from April to August in two broods,
in high latitudes and mountains, from the upper forest zone to highlands
- in a single brood flying in late June/July.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: First data were published in Russian by I.
Porchinskii (1891). Foodplants: Apiaceae (Anethum, Angelica,
Chareophylum, Daucus, Heracleum, Ferula, Foeniculum, Libanotis,
Pastinaca, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Prangos, Selinum, Seseli, Thyselinum
and others) and also Rutaceae: Ruta graveolens in Europe, Dictamnus
dasycarpus and Phellodendron amurensis in the southern Russian Far East
(Graeser, 1888; Kurenzov, 1970, and others), Haplophyllum  - in steppes
and deserts of Central Asia (Kreuzberg, 1984); plants of other families
were also reported: Alnus machimoviczii and A. japonica (Betulaceae) - in
South Kuriles (Krivolutskaya, 1973),  Artemisia (Asteraceae) - in Alaska
(Scott, 1986) and the highlands of Central Asia (Kreuzberg, 1984), much
less frequently - Lotus corniculata (Fabaceae), Ranunculus acris
(Ranunculaceae), Fragaria vesca (Rosaceae), Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae)
(Niculescu, 1961; Kreuzberg, 1984). Eggs: hemisphaeral with fine
sculpture, light-yellow, greenish, or yellowish-grey with a reddish-brown
tip, later become blueish, laid singly on the foodplant leaves. Young
larva: velvety dark with a large white spot of an intricate shape in the
middle part of the body, covered with short spinules on reddish
warts.These warts become orange and, with each moult, less expressed. In
a mature larva there remains only flat orange-yellow spots. Under each
spot there is a remainder of a gland which, most probably, secreted a
protecting liquid. Only the glands between the head and the prothorax is
well developed, being an orange-red osmeterium. Being frightened, the
larva rises the fore part of the body and protrudes the fork of
osmeterium, which starts to secret a strongly smelling liquid. This gland
serves mostly when the larvae of young and intermediate ages. The last
instar larva: varies in the ground colour from greenish-yellow to green
or blueish-green, and has two black rings on each segment. A wider one
bears 6 or 8 red, rarely yellow spots. A narrower ring is usually hided
in the folds between the segments. Some larva don't change coloration
with ageing and retain a black colour up to pupation. Such larvae
continue to protrude the osmeterium until the very pupation as well. The
larva pupates on stems of the foodplant or neighbouring grasses or
bushed. The pupa has a convex thorax and stout and short "horns" on the
head; the colouration depends on the substrate - the summer pupae are
yellowish or green in small black dots. The hibernating pupae are usually
light-brown with darker fore end and ventral side of the body, with
variable blackish pattern, usually occupying ventral side of the thorax,
wing cases, apex of the thoracic projection, and two lateral stripes; the
horns on the head are rather thick.


PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 33-50 mm (the imagines of the second
brood are greater). The basal area of the fore wing is black with a
yellowish suffusion; the hind wing has a wide black band bearing diffuse
blue spots. The red spot at the anal angle is not centered with black.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The butterflies from different regions of Ural,
West and Central Siberia, although exhibiting a great individual and
seasonal variation, do not show distinct geographis differences and seem
to belong to the same subspecies machaon Linnaeus, 1758. Imagines hatched
from the hibernated pupae are very similar, whereas the differences of
the summer brood butterflies in size and the traits of colouration most
probably result from environmental modifications: various temperature
regime or other factors. The butterflies from Primorye and Priamurye,
known as ssp. ussuriensis Sheljuzhko, 1910 (= amurensis Verity, 1911),
are quite similar with the typical ones. The subspecies orientis Verity,
1911 is known from E. Siberia and the mountains of Bureya, which is
characterized by a widened black suffusion along the veins  and more
short tails. From Kamchatka the subspecies kamchadalus Alpheraky, 1897
has been described, which differs from orientis by a paler dark pattern
and narrower band on the hind wings. North of Kamchatka, in the Koryak
Upland (the settlement Tilichiki) a form occurs which seems to be
identical by colouration from an American taxon aliaska Scudder, 1869
(Kurenzov, 1970) (colse to kamchadalus), which was recently isolated into
an independent species by Eitschberger (1993) on the basis of the egg
chorion sculpture. Other subspecies described from the considered
territory have no reliable distinguishing characters. The butterflies
from the Sakhalin, characterized by an intensive lemon-yellow wing ground
colour and, in average, a wider band on the hind wings, were described as
the subspecies sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911, similar butterflies from
the South Kuriles are known under the name septentrionales  Verity, 1911
(= shishimana Matsumura, 1928; = urupensis Bryk, 1942 with the Urup
Island as the type locality). Both subspecies are very close to the
Japanese hippocrates C. et R. Felder, 1864, which, as the above
mentionned aliaska, has been recently isolated by U. Eitschberger (1993)
into an independent species.



GENUS SINOPRINCEPS Hancock, 1983.
Type species: Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767

   A monotypical East-Asian genus.


52. Sinoprinceps xuthus (Linnaeus, 1767).

TYPE LOCALITY: Middle Priamurye.

RANGE: E Zabaikalye, Priamurye, Primorye, the Sakhalin, the S Kuriles,
Mongolia, North-East and Central China, Korea, Japan, the Marian and
Hawaii islands. The butterflies are able of far migrations; there is a
remarkable report of finding this species at the town Ust'-Ordynsk in
Pribaikalye (Ivanov, 1991).

HABITAT: mostly broad-leaved and mixed forests.

FLIGHT PERIOD: late April/June and July/August in two broods.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied first by Graeser (1888), later by others
(Kurenzov, Fukuda et al., 1982). Foodplants: Dictamnus dasycarpus,
Phellodendron amurense in Primorya and Priamurye; Phellodendron
sachalinense - on the Sakhalin; Dictamnus dasycarpus and "Apiaceae"
(Kurenzov, 1970) - in Zabaikalye. Besides, the plant Oegle (Cytraceae)
was mentioned in Seitz (1909). Eggs: singly on the underside of young
leaves of the foodplant. The larva at the early instars: brown with white
markings and three large white spots on either side, in general it
resemples bird excrements. The mature larva is green with blueish
lengthwise stripes going through spiracles and a transversal band of the
same colour which isolates the thoracic and abdominal sections of the
body. The thoracic segments have an ocelli on either side. The abdominal
section has two pairs of slanting blueish bands in its medial part and
another pair at the anal segment. The legs and prolegs are yellowish,
above them there are oval white spots, small above the thoracic legs and
large above the prolegs. The osmeterium is yellowish-orange. Pupa: light-
green or brown with marble pattern; its large twin thoracic prominences
and abdominal segments are much paler than other parts of the body.
Hibernation occurs at the pupal stage.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 32-39 mm (the spring brood) or
47-57 mm (the summer brood). The black basal area of the wings
is crossed by yellow lines; the anal red spot on the hind wings
contains a black dot.


GENUS ACHILLIDES Hubner, [1819].
Type species: Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758.

  The largest butterflies in our fauna:  F.w.l.:  37-65  mm. The wings
are dark with diffuse bands  of  brilliant  yellow-green  or blue-green
scales.
  Ten species range in E and SE Asia.

53.  Achillides bianor (Gramer, 1779).

TYPE LOCALITY: S. China.

RANGE: North-East, Central, and South China, Korea, Japan, in Russia -
the southern Sakhalin, the island Kunashir; probably can be found in
Primorye to the west and south of Lake Khanka.

HABITAT: deciduous and mixed forests.

FLIGHT PERIOD: July-August, on the Russian islands - in only one brood.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1982). Foodplants:
Phellodendron sachalinense. Eggs: light-yellow, laid solitarily on the
foodplant leaf underside. Young larva: green with whitish specks and
spots and light lateral lines going through the spiracles; it bears
yellow-green horn-like processes behind the head and at the end of the
body; lives in a shelter made up of a leaf. Mature larva: dark with the
thoracic part as if covered with a dark-green "umbrella", its edges being
suffused with whitish-yellow dots and bearing a black ocellus on either
side of the larva. The abdominal part is specked with small light dots
and bears blue spots on the back and five pairs of slanting yellowish
streaks on the sides; besides, a white streak goes through the spiracles;
the osmeterium is long, of brown colour. Pupa: green or brown, angular in
shape, its facets are margined with paler colour; the head bears two
projections.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 45-53 mm. A contrasted golden band of
the fore wing underside does not continue on the hind wing. Similar
species: A. maackii.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: On Russian islands the subspecies dehaani C. et
R. Felder, 1864 (= paradoxa Nakahara, 1924; = doii Matsumura, 1928)
ranges.


54.  Achillides maackii (Menetries, 1859).

TYPE LOCALITY: the Amur.

RANGE: E Zabaikalye, Primorye, Priamurye, Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, NE
China, Korea, Japan.

HABITAT: various forests, from montane coniferous/broad-leaved mixed
forests to bushy open woodland. The maximum abundance is achieved in
multidominate broad-leaved forests. In spring the imagines actively feed
on the flowers of Malus and Padus, and also on Corydalis, in summer -
mostly on bushes as well of the Rosaceae family, often on lilys . In cool
weather the imagines keep to the tree canopy, in hot weather they
congregate on wet ground. They are also attracted by any decaying organic
matter.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in two broods. The small butterflies of the first brood
(f. raddei Bremer) fly from April to late July. The summer butterflies,
flying from middle July to the middle September, are almost twice as
large. In montane forests of Primorye and Middle Priamurye there occurs a
form f. minima Kardakov, which is trophically connected with Dictamnus
dasycarpus and gives only a single brood.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Phellodendron amurense (Graeser, 1888),
P. sachalinense; in forest-steppe habitats and the montane taiga
altitudinal belt - also Dictamnus dasycarpus. Eggs: yellowish-white or
light-green, laid singly mostly on the foodplant young leaf underside.
Young larva: green with white spots of diverse sizes and a white head, by
the data of E. Novomodnyi it is dark-grey with a transversal band ; it
keeps to the leaf upperside. Mature larva: resembles that of A. bianor
differing by a concave prominence on the ninth segment. Pupa: similar to
that of A.bianor as well, but shape is more smooth and the head
projections are more rounded.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 36-43 mm (spring brood, f. raddei
Bremer); 44-53 mm (f. minima Kardakov); 52-68 mm (summer brood). The band
of golden scales on the fore wing underside continues on the hind wing,
as different from the similar species A. bianor.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: the continent is inhabited by the nominotypical
subspecies. The Kurile islands and the southern Sakhalin are inhabited by
ssp. tutanus Fenton in Butler, 1881 (= kurilensis Matsumura, 1928).

ETYMOLOGY: Richard Karlovich Maack (1825-1886), a Russian explorer of the
Far East, a naturalist, ethnographist and pedagogue.



TRIBUS LEPTOCIRCINI Kirby, 1896.


GENUS  IPHICLIDES Hubner, 1819.
Type species: Papilio podalirius Linnaeus, 1758.

  A Palearctic genus with four species.


55.  Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758).
(= sinon Poda, 1761)

TYPE LOCALITY: Italy: Toscana, Livorno (Opin. Decl. int. Comn. zool.
Nom., 1954, 5: 329-342).

RANGE: Europe, Anterior and Central Asia, S Ural, E. Kazakhstan, the
south of W. Siberia: Zauralye (known north to the village Kaskara in the
Tyumen DIstrict (Sitnikov, 1996)) and the Itrysh River basin south of
Omsk. The butterflies are capable of active migrations, findings being
reported from the environs of Barnaul (Wnukowsky, Ermolajev, 1935) and
Krasnoyarsk (Kondakov, Baranchikov, 1975), and the village Kostenkovo
(Gubskaya et al., 1964) and the Kondoma River (T.N. Gagina, pers. comm.)
in the southern Kemerovo Region.  Although being quite numerous in S Ural
and W Altai, these butterflies are extremely scarce in W Siberia.

HABITAT: deciduous and mixed forests, groves, bushy slopes, wind-break
strips, glades, orchards of Rosaceae fruits. The imagines were observed
to feed on Chamaecytisus ruthenicus, Viburnum opulus, Lonicera altaica,
Dracocephalum nutans, etc.

FLIGHT PERIOD: May/June and July/August, in two brood.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe (Eckstein, 1913; Ebert, 1991).
Foodplants: arboreal and frutescent Rosaceae: Cerasus, Amygdalus, Prunus,
Padus, Crataegus, Malus, Sorbus. Eggs: hemispheric, with a fine
reticulate structure, dark with two light-yellow rings and with reddish
apices, about 1.5 mm in diameter; laid mostly singly on leaf underside.
The first instar larva: dark with two small and two larger green spots on
the back, it rests on a peculiar silk cushion spun on a leaf surface,
feeds at night and early in the morning. The last instar larva: stout,
green with yellowish back and spiracular stripes and slanting lines of
the same colour on either side of each segment, with reddish-brown dots
scattered over the body; the spiracles are reddish. Before pupation the
larva becomes yellow. Pupa: yellowish, brown, less frequently green; it
is fasten with a silk belt; hibernation occurs on the pupa stage.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 34-44 mm. The wings are pale yellow
with slanting tapering black stripes; the hind wings bear a long and
narrow tale.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The butterflies from S Ural and the Omsk Region
are close to ssp. podalirius (?=  flaccidus Krulikowsky, 1908, with the
type locality Vyatka and Kazan'). The specimens from W Altai fit to the
description of centralasiae K. von Rosen, 1929 from the mountains at the
town Dzharkent (SE Kazakhstan, the Ili valley).



SUBFAMILIA ZERYNTHIINAE

  F.w.l. 23-35 mm. The wings are of yellow tones with an intricate
pattern made up of black, red or, less frequently, blue spots. The larvae
feed on Aristolochiaceae plants. The pupae are attached with a silken
belt, hibernate.
  This is a small subfamily including six genera and about  15 species
which mostly inhabit South Europe, Anterior  and  East Asia.



TRIBUS ZERINTHIINAE Grote, 1899.


GENUS LUEHDORFIA Cruger, 1878.
Type species: Luehdorfia eximia Cruger, 1878.

  An East-Asiatic genus with three species.


56.  Luehdorfia puziloi (Ershov, 1872).

TYPE LOCALITY: Primorye: Vladivostok.

RANGE: Primorye north to the Bikin River basin (the Svetlovodnaya River,
N. Balatsky, 1996, pers. comm.), North-East and East China, Korea, Japan,
indicated also for the Kunashir (Klitin, 1989).

HABITAT: meadow patches mostly in montane mixed and valley broad-leaved
forests, quite a common species. The imagines were observed to feed on
Chrysasplenium alternifolium, Viola, Rhododendron dauricum, Padus, Malus.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle April/late May, in the mountains the flight is
prolonged to late June/early July (Kurenzov, 1970).

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Primorye (Glushchenko, Sasova, 1994).
Foodplant: Asarum sieboldi; on the Kunashir a probable foodplant is
Asarum heterotroides. Eggs: small, greenish-nacreous, laid in batches
varying from several to 30-40 eggs on the foodplant leaf underside. The
larvae hatch in late May, live in groups, have four moults and pupate on
38-48th day on the ground beneath the leaf fall. Young larvae: black with
light specks on the back of each segments, gregarious. Mature larva:
brownish-violet with bunches of long hairs at the legs and prolegs, which
are longer at both ends of the body, and conspicuous roundish yellow
spots at the spiracles; on the ventral side the segment joints are light;
the ventral side of the body is blueish-white; the osmeterium is orange.
Pupa: with knobby surface and with alternating dark and brownish spots,
there is a dark area in the middle part of the body; it hibernates.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 22-27 mm. The wings are yellow with the
pattern consisting of slanting bands of different shape; the hind wing
with a submarginal row of blue spots and two red spots at the anal angle;
the tail is short.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: the Russian territory is inhabited by ssp.
puziloi; we weren't able to study specimens from the Kunashir.

ETYMOLOGY: Mikhail Pavlovich Puzilo - a naturalist and lepidopterologist,
collected butterflies at Irkutsk and Primorye in 20ths years of XIX
century.



TRIBUS SERICINI Dujardin, 1965.


GENUS SERICINUS Westwood, 1851.
Type species: Papilio telamon Donovan, 1798.

  A monotypical East-Asiatic genus.


57.  Sericinus montela (Gray, 1852)
(= telamon auct.)

TYPE LOCALITY: China.

RANGE: S Primorye, North-East and Central China, Korea, Japan.


HABITAT: forest meadows and bush thickets in river valleys, the lower
parts of rocky mountain slopes. Females emerge earlier than males, they
are hidden in the herbaceous vegetation and get into the air only for
mating and search for the larval foodplant for oviposition. Males exhibit
a well expressed territorial behaviour.

FLIGHT PERIOD: the first brood: May/early June; the second brood: middle
July/early August; in late August/September a small number of the third
brood imagines can be observed.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Monastyrsky, Kotlobai, 1993)
Foodplant: Aristolochia contorta. Eggs: small, at first light-yellow, a
day after they acquire a greenish tint and a dark spot on the apex; they
are laid in bautches by 8-100 on on the leaf underside, petioles or stems
of the foodplant. Young larvae: dark with light spots on the back, live
in groups on leaf underside and eat only mesophyl of a feaf leaving the
veins intact. Mature larva: black with five rows of pale-orange
processes, the two processes on the 1st segment are longer than others
and directed forward; lives solitarily, can be found among the leaf fall.
Pupa: brown with acute projections; hibernates. It is attached to the
leaf underside with a thin cincture of silk threads which tears easily by
motion of disturbed pupa. It was found out that hibernating pupae of a
corresponding brood differ by summer pupae by hook-like spines on the
abdomen. Soon after pupation, as soon as a pupa gets exposed to the
sunlight it moves activelt, tears the cincture and deepens into the leaf
fall.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 24-30 mm (the spring brood) or
29-36 mm (the summer brood), the size of the autumn brood
imagines approach that of the spring one. Males: pale yellow
with black spots; females: brown with yellow bands; both sexes
have an interrupted postdiscoidal row of oblong red spots on the
hind wing, there are also blue spots at the base of a long and
narrow tail. There exists a seasonal variation of the tail
length: they are shorter in the spring brood than in the
following broods.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: In Russia there ranges the subspecies amurensis
Staudinger, 1892.



TRIBUS ZERYNTHINI Grote, 1899.


GENUS ZERYNTHIA Ochenheimer, 1816.
Type species: Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777.

  An West-Palearctic genus with two species.


58.  Zerynthia polyxena Denis et Schiffermuller, 1775.

TYPE LOCALITY: Austria.

RANGE: S Europe, Anterior Asia, NW Kazakhstan (the Mugodzhary Mts.), S
Ural (the valley of the Ural River downstream of Magnitogorsk). A local
species.

HABITAT: in Asian Russia: edges of damp forests in steppe ravines, the
willow and alder riparian woods.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle April/middle May.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in European Russia (Y. Berezhnoi, O.
Koptelov). Foodplant: Aristolochia clematilis. Eggs: spherical, at first
yellow, later become reddish; laid usually by one - three on the
foodplant leaves. Young larvae are dark, they live in the flower buds
feeding on the generative organs of the plant. The last instar larva:
pinkish, yellowish-brown or greenish-yellow with five lengthwise rows of
fleshy outgrowings of brownish-red colour, besides, each segment beas 5-7
black warts; pupates in late June/early July. Pupa: brownish, of a
peculiar conical shape; found on plant stems with a silk thread going
from a pointed head to the substrate, but after hibernation occurs in
litter.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 2-28 mm. The wings are yellow with a
complicated pattern of black spots and dentate lines; on the hind wing
there is a row of red spots proximally of the dentate band.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: ssp. thesto Fruhstorfer, 1908 was described from
the Saratov environs (the Volga basin).





SUBFAMILIA PARNASSIINAE Duponcgel, [1835].


TRIBUS PARNASSIINI Duponchel, [1835]


  The tribe corresponds to the former genus Parnassius which is now
split into ten genera).
  The butterflies of a large or intermediate size with hard
semitransparent wings of a smooth outline, with partially reduced scale
cover. Females are usually darker than males, with a heavier black
pattern. Their abdomen is much less hairy and after mating bears
beneath its end the so-called sphragis, a pouch-like structure secreted
by a male which prevents further copulation (cases were reported when
the sphragis was found on the abdomen of males). These butterflies vary
substantially both individually and geographically, their populations
being local.The generation lasts for one or two years. The larvae are
dark with contrast light spots or streaks, poorly set with short hairs;
they feed mostly (in Russia - entirely) on either Crassulaceae or
Fumariaceae. The smooth and stout pupae with the head pointed are
hidden in loose silk shelters on the ground among detritus or plant
litter. In sunny weather the males fly low above the herbage by a
peculiar, slow and partly soaring, mode, the females are less active.
Being disturbed, the butterflies usually get into a peculiar
threatening pose and make a scratching sound by rubbing the hind legs
against the under surface of the wings.
  The tribe ranges in Eurasia and North America and includes up to 50
species, the majority of which being confined to mountains of Asia.



GENUS PARNASSIUS Latreille, 1804.
Type species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758.

  F.w.l.: 28-58 mm; the wings are white, the pattern consists of black
spots and semitransparent bands, the hind wing base has red spots. The
larvae feed on Crassulaceae.
  A Holarctic genus with 14 species.


Parnassius apollonius Eversmann, 1847.

TYPE LOCALITY: "promontoris Altaicus australibus" ["in front of the
South Altai Mountains"], most probably the Dzhungarian Alatau or
Tarbagatai Mts.

RANGE: The mountains and hills of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (except
for the western and desert areas): the Tarbagatai, Saur, Dzhungarian
Alatau, Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alai Mts. The species is reported from the
regions adjacent to Russian frontier, namely, the surroundings of the
settlement Semiozernoe in the Kustanay region (Aybasov, Zhdanko, 1982),
in the Ishim valley at the village Zapadnoe in the Kokchetav Region,
and in the Kazakhstan part of the Altai Mts.: on the Narymskiy and
Kurchumskiy mountain ranges (Lukhtanov, Lukhtanov, 1987) (where it was
found in June on steppefied southern clay slopes at 200-600 m above sea
level) and at Lake Zaissan (Lavrov, 1930) Within the borders or Russia
the species still has not been found.

HABITAT: in W Altai: sunny rocky slopes pf mountain piedmonts at the
altitudes of  400-1000 m above sea level; in the Kokchetav Region:
steppes on hill slopes and river terraces.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in NE Kazakhstan: middle May/middle June; on the Ishim
River the butterflies were collected on 17th July 1997 (Kreuzberg,
1979).

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Crassulaceae: Pseudosedum lievenii in W
Altai (Lukhtanov, Lukhtanov, 1994), Rosularia spp., Rhodiola
linearifolia, Sedum alberti were recorded (Kreuzberg, 1987), of which
Pseudosedum lievenii and Sedum alberti might penetrate into the Russian
territory. Larva: black with two bright-red spots on either side of
each segment (Seitz, 1907).

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 37-45 mm. The black marking consists
of small clear-cut spots; a full submarginal row of them on each wing
is characteristic; in both sexes there are 5-7 red spots on both the
fore and hind wing.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: ssp. apollonius inhabits W Altai, Tarbagatai
and Saur Mts; by the materials from the Kokchetav Region the subspecies
alice Kreuzberg, 1989 has been described as differing by an on average
smaller size, smaller red spots and narrower marginal bands.


59.  Parnassius bremeri Felder in Bremer, 1864.

TYPE LOCALITY: "the Amur bank" - by the lectotype (Tschikolovets, 1993)

RANGE: Zabaikalye (the Chikoi River basin and Chita environs),
Priamurye, Primorye, the Kunashir, NE China, N Korea, Hokkaido. A local
species.

HABITAT: steppefied rough south-exposed slopes, rocks within the forest
belt. In Primorye the butterflies especially actively visit the flowers
of Lilium, the bright pollen of which make their wing bases red or
brown.

FLIGHT PERIOD: depending on locality, from late May to the end of July.
On the Kunashir the imagines were recorded at the end of July.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Priamurye (Graeser, 1888). Foodplants:
Sedum aizoon, S. ussuriensis, S. ischida (Kurenzov, 1970). Larva:
resembles that of P. phoebus but narrower, with numerous sulphur-yellow
dots; the rims of the spiracles and the osmeterium are light-yellow.
According to Y. Berezhnoi's observations, eggs and about 5-8% young
larvae hibernate; pupation occurs in late May, but caterpillars from
South Sikhote-Alin in captivity hibernated second time.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 36-42 mm. The veins are accompanied
by black scales, especially at the outer margin. The red spots on the
hind wing usually are not centred with white. The antenna trunk is
black (except for ssp. amgunensis). Similar species: P. phoebus.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: well expressed. The butterflies from the
lowland Middle Priamurye represent ssp. bremeri Felder in Bremer, 1864,
from W Primorye - ssp. conjuctus Staudinger, 1901. Both subspecies are
characterized by a distinct pattern with contrasted veins and wide
black rims of the red spots on the hind wings. The butterflies from
Primorye differ from those of Middle Priamurye by somewhat more
elongate wings. The subspecies jaetensis O.Bang-Haas, 1927 was reported
for the basins of the river Chikoi and the surroundings of Chita; ssp.
graeseri Honrath, 1885 - for Upper Priamurye, orotschonicus O.Bang-
Haas, 1927 -  for the Sikhote-Alin Mts. In the Amur River lower flow
the subspecies amgunensis Sheljuzhko, 1928 ranges, which characterises
by not distinct veins and a chequered trunk of the antennae, this form
resemble both P. bremeri and P. phoebus and might be the result of
their intergradation (V.V. Dubatolov) ; ssp. nipponus Kreuzberg, 1992
was described from the Kunashir.

ETYMOLOGY: Otto Vasilyevich Bremer (18..-1873) - a Russian
lepidopterologist.


60.  Parnassius phoebus Fabricius, 1793.

TYPE LOCALITY: "Sibiria"; Altai: Ongudai - by the neotype.

RANGE: The Alps, the Ural Mts. (except for the south), the mountains of
Siberia and the northern Far East (including the extreme North),
Mongolia, N. China, the mountains of western North America (Alaska,
Colorado, California); recorded also in the lower Amur and on the
Sakhalin.

HABITAT: highland and, partly, forest herb meadows, mountain tundras
(in polar and subpolar regions), montane meadow steppes (Zabaikalye, E
Yakutia). In the mountains of South Siberia the species is most
numerous in the transitional zone between subalpine and alpine meadows
(1800-2200 m above sea level); in the forest belt these butterflies
occur usually at rock outcrops accompanying by meadow patches
(Kosterin, 1994). The butterflies often visit flowers of Aster,
Scorzonera, Sajania monstrosa, Valeriana, Origanum, Allium,  and other
conspicuous flowers.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in Siberia: mostly July/middle August, on the plateauz
of E Yakutia: from middle June; in Subpolar Uralpolar: middle July/late
August.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Rhodiola (in the Altai Mts. (O.
Kosterin), the Putorana Plateau (I.S. Zakharzhevskii), Sedum (in the
forest belt of the Altai Mts. (Y. Berezhnoi), beyond there were also
recorded Sempervivum and Saxifraga, Kurenzov (1970) reported Saxifraga
unalashkensis and S. nivalis for the mountains of the Far East. Eggs:
hemispheric with a fine graini structure, white with a brown spot and a
brown ring on the top. The larva (according to the observation made in
Ural by A.G.Tatarinov) hibernates soon after hatching from the egg. It
feed in warm weather both at daytime and at night; in cold weather it
is usually situated rolled up on the foodplant. It is black with two
small orange spots and an orange dot between them on either side of
each segment except for segments 1 and 2; on segment 1 there is one
spot on either side, on segment 2 - two spots. Besides, each segment
bears three warts: one on the back and one on either side (some
individuals may have also two rows of small red spots along the back).
Its maximum length is 45-47 mm. A teneral pupa is of pale sandy colour
but later darkens to chocolate.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 27-39 mm. As different from P.
bremeri, the veins are brown and inconspicuous, the antenna trunk is
chequered; the red spots on the hind wings usually are centred with
white. As different from Driopa clarius, there are basal red spots on
the hind wing underside.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: well expressed. The subspecies phoebus
Fabricius, 1793 (= altaica Menetries, 1859; = alpestris Verity, 1911)
is known for Altai Mts.; ssp. sedakovii Menetries in Siemashko, 1850 (=
fortuna A. Bang-Haas, 1912; amalthea Bryk et Eisner, 1931) - for the
Sayans and the mountains of Pribaikalye (described from the Irkutsk
environs). A larger subspecies uralensis Kirby, 1871, inhabiting Ural
(from Middle to Polar) has enlarged red spots and enlarged marginal and
submarginal bands in females. E Siberia and Chukotka are inhabited by
the subspecies interpositus Herz,  1903 (type ocality: Verkhoyansk
environs), differing by a reduction of the dark pattern and a complete
absence of the submarginal spots on the hind wings in males.
Representatives of this subspecies from some regions of NE Yakutia are
remarkable for a very large size. The Kamchatian subspecies corybas
Fischer von Waldheim, 1824 (= intermedia Menetries in Siemashko, 1850)
differs by somewhat narrower wings and the red spots beinh larger than
i interpositus. Similar butterflies fly in the coastal regions of the
Magadan Region.


61. Parnassius nomion Fischer von Waldheim, 1823.

TYPE LOCALITY: Dauria.

RANGE: The mountains of South Siberia, the south of the Far East,
Mongolia, N and NE China, Korea, reported also for Alaska, Hokkaido.
Its report for Polar and Middle Ural (Kuznetsov, 1925; Kreuzberg et
Pljushch, 1992) most probably was erroneous.In South Siberia this is
quite a common species.

HABITAT: In the mountains of S Siberia: open steppefied southern slopes
within the forest-steppe and forest belts up to the altitude of 2400 m
(in Tuva), on piedmont plains this species is found on steppefied
bluffs of river banks. In Zabaikalye: also meadow steppes with the
dominance of Filifolium sibiricum, pine and larch forest-steppe. In
Priamurye: dry meadows on river terraces, larch moorlands. The
butterflies feed on the flowers of different plants, in ALtai they most
frequently was Scabiosa ochroleuca, Goniolimon speciosum, Seseli
libanotis, Agrimonia pilosa, Crepis sibirica, Tanacetum vulgare,
Achillea milifolium, Solidago virga-aurea Origanum vulgare, Valeriana
transjeniseiensis, Lysimachia vulgaris, etc.

FLIGHT PERIOD: the second half of June/August.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied by Graeser (1888) and, later, by
Y.P. Korshunov in the West Sayan and others.. Foodplants: Crassulaceae:
Orostachys spinosa, Sedum hybridum, S. aizoon. Eggs: whitish; laid on
stems or leaves of the foodplant or on the ground near it, where young
larvae hibernate after hatching. Mature larva (according to s
description by O.E. Kosterin and O.G. Berezina in SE Zabaikalye East ):
velvety black; each segment at its hind margin bears six small red
spots, by 3 on either side. On 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments on either
side there are added another red spots, in front of the upper spot at
the hind margin, and a red lengthwise dashe in fron of the second upper
spot at the hind margin. The 1sr thoracic segment bears only four red
sppots at its hind margin and another pair of red spots in front of the
outer pair of the latters. In SE Zabaikalye there was found also a
specimen in which an additional pair of red spots in front of the upper
pair of thise at the hind margin was added on all segments, not only on
2nd and 3rd. According to Graeser (1888), the larvae collected  at the
Argun and Shilka River junction had very dense short yellowish hairs on
their sides, each segment had four small red spots pointed forward, the
head was mate-black with glossy light-btown strokes on the fore
surface; the osmeterium is reddish-yellow. The larva pupates on the
ground in the vicinity of the foodplant in a loose silken "net" with
irregular cells about 2-3 mm in size. Duration of the pronympha stage
varies from 3-5 to 10 days. Pupa: smooth, brownish-grey with a glaucous
waxy bloom, the wing cases are covered with a fine marble pattern, its
stage lasts for 20-35 days depending on aerial temperature. Young
imagines hatch at the first half of the day, mostly early in the
morning.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 39-44 mm (28 mm in the case of ssp.
dis). The pattern consists of large spots and contrasted bands, as
different from P. apollo, at the ends of the veins the wing margins are
marked with black strokes or spots and so looks chequered. Two large
round red spots on the hind wing upperside are usually centered with
white, and the red spot at the base is distinct; red spots usually
present also on the fore wing. The sexual dimorphism is poorly
expressed.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: In Altai and West Sayan Mts. and Tuva there
ranges ssp. korshunovi Kreuzberg et Pljushch, 1992 (type locality:
Altai Mts., the Iolgo mt. range, Karakol'skie Lakes); in the East Sayan
and Pribaikalye - ssp. dis Grum-Grshimailo, 1890 (= nominulus
Staudinger, 1895), differing by a suffusion of dark scales on both
sides and dentation of the submarginal band on the fore wings. The
subspecies nomion Fischer von Waldheim, 1823, inhabiting Zabaykalye, is
somewhat larger than the former and has a considerable suffusion of
yellow scales. Large butterflies from Primorya and Priamurye, known as
ssp. mandschuriae Oberthur, 1891, are characterized by relatively wider
wings wthout suffusion of dark scales.


62.  Parnassius apollo Linnaeus, 1758.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden.

RANGE: Europe, Anterior Asia, S Ural, S Siberia eastwards to Central
Yakutia and Zabaikalye, the mountains of E Kazakhstan, Tien Shan,
Mongolia. A local species.

HABITAT: herb meadows in river valleys, at birch grove edges, and in
open pine-forests. In the mountains of South Siberia the species
reaches the alpine zone but is much more frequent on open slopes in the
lower part of the forest belt. The imagines actively feed on the
flowers of Filipendula vulgare, Valeriana officinale, Aster alpinus,
Leucanthemum vulgare, Cirsium heterophyllum, Senecio nemorense, Crepis
sibirica, Allium nutans,  and other brightly flowering plants.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July. According to observations of Yu.
Shevnin in Middle Ural made in captivity, some of the eggs laid in late
Junu/early July produce larvae after 2 - 4 weeks. These larvae grow
rapidly and the butterflies appear at the end of July. However, the
second brood was never observed in Nature.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Sedum, including such Siberian species
as S. telephium, S. acre, S. hybridum, S.aizoon, S.ewersii, sometimes
Orostachys spinosa (W Altai). Eggs (by observations of Y. Korshunov in
ALtai and the Novosibirsk Region): smooth, button-shaped, apicllay with
a hollow, white, glossy, laid on the foodplant stems and leaves on
near. One female lays 80-100 eggs. The young larvae hibernate soon
after hatching or inside the egg. They emerge in spring when some snow
patches still remain and fresh Sedum sprouts have just appeared. The
young larvae are gregarious, in cold weather gathering into tangles in
wet places. They are black with a row of whitish spots on either side,
with warts and bunches of long black hairs. Mature larva: up to 50 mm
in length; velvety black; each segment bears ten blueish-grey warts;
there is a row of red or orange spots on either side: on the segments
4-12 it is represented on by a large spot at the hind margin of the
segment and a smaller one in front of it, on 1st segment by two large
spots of similar size, on segments 2-3 by three spots,on the last
segment - by one spot. Yellow or orange spiracles are surrounded by
blueish dots. The osmeterium is yellowish. The larva feeds only at
bright sunshine. Pupa: stout and obtuse, 18-24 mm in length; at first
it is light-brown with dark-brown spiracles and yellowish spots above
them; a day after pupation it darken and acquire a blue waxy bloom
(less expressed in he pupae from W Altai). At the temperature of 22
degrees Centigrade the pupal stage lasts for 12-16 days or little more.
The imagines often mate just after hatching from the pupa, as in the
case of Aporia crataegi. In just hatched imagines the wing have a
yellowish tint.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 33-58 mm (the largest species of
Parnassiini). The fore wing has five large black spots; the hind wing
upperside has two large red spots, while the red spot at the base is
not seen; as different from P. nomion, the fringe is without markings.
The sexual dimorphism is well expressed.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: well expressed. Ssp. democratus Krulikowsky,
1906, described from the Kazan environs, was reported for Middle Ural.
(We have similar specimens also from the western slopes of Polar Ural.
These are such butterflies which were reported as P. nomion in the
works of K.F. Sedykh (1974 and others)). The butterflies from S Ural
differ by larger size and yellowish tint of the wings in females and
are known as the subspecies limicola Stichel, 1907 (pro uralensis
Oberthur, 1891; type locality: "Ural"). The southern West Siberian
Lowland are inhabited by the largest subspecies meinhardi Sheljuzhko,
1924 (type locality: Petropavlovsk), characterized by a milky-white
ground colour, with very scarce black scales in females, and large
black and red spots. The Altai subspecies alpherakyi Krulikovskyi, 1906
is smaller, have a substantial suffusion of yellow scales in both sexes
and a greatly expressed sezual dimorphism, as the wing ground colour in
females is heavily suffused by black scales. The subspecies hesebolus
Nordmann, 1851 (= sibiricus Nordmann, 1851; = pseudosibiricus Bryk et
Eisner, 1938) ranging east of the Altai Mts. in Siberia and Mongolia
(to Zabaikalye and Central Yakutia) and is characterized by a clear
white ground colour, relatively small black and red spots, and somewhat
angular wing shape.



GENUS DRIOPA Korshunov, 1988.
Type species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758.

  F.w.l.: 23-39 mm. The wings are white or yellow; the red spots
present on the hind wing only or absent. The antenna trunk is black.
Larval foodplants: Fumariaceae.
  A Holarctic genus with 10 species.


63.  Driopa mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758).

TYPE LOCALITY: S Finland.

RANGE: Europe, Anterior and Central Asia, Middle and South Ural, the
western West Siberian Lowland (the Tyumen' Region, NE of Tobol'sk);
locally.

HABITAT: meadows in the montane forest belt, edges of forest-steppe
groves, montane oak woods, or forests in steppe ravines, herbaceous
steppefied slopes.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in the Orenburg Region: middle May/middle June; in
Middle Ural: June; in N Ural: the first half of July.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe (Eckstein, 1913; Seitz, 1907;
etc.) and Middle Ural by P.Y. Gorbunov. Foodplants.: Corydalis solida,
C. capnoides, from other regions there were reported also C. bulbosa,
C. intermedia, C. marschalliana. Eggs: white or fawn-coloured, spheric
but flattened underneath, with a grainy sculpture and a tiny dent on
the apex; laid by one or two on foodplant leaves or stems. Mature
larva: up to 42 mm in length, greyish-black, set with short black
hairs; on either side of each segment there are a roundish orange-
yellow spot, which is  bordered above with an adjacent black crescent-
shaped spot, and a small orange-yellow dot behind it; on segments 2 and
3 there are two spots; segment 1 has a wide spot on the back; the back
of each abdominal segment bears a black dot; the osmeterium is yellow.
The larva feeds since early spring in sunny weather. The pupa is at
first light-brown with a row of light-yellow spots on either side,
later acquire an even dark-brown colour. The stage of the pupa lasts
for about fortnight.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 24-35 mm. The fore wing has wide
semitransparent marginal area tapering to the inner angle. The cell
contains two black spots; the red spots are absent.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: South Ural is inhabited by ssp. uralca Bryk,
921, characterized by a large size, rounded clear-cut spots in the
cell, and a wide greyish marginal band. The butterflies from Middle
Ural are often attributed to ssp. ugrumovi Bryk, 1914, described from
Elabuga (Tatarstan). They have less clear-cut cell spots in males , and
a more even inner edge of the marginal band, which reaches the anal
angle of the wing. The butteflies from North Ural differ much both from
ssp. ugrumovi and ssp. timanica (Eisner et Sedych, 1964), descrived
from the Ukhta environs. All the specimens collected by A.G. Tatarinov
in the Pechoro-Ilychskiy nature reserve had a strong dark suffusion and
diffuse cell spots in both sexes). From the sites north-east of
Tobol'sk the taxon tjumensis Kreuzberg, 1989, is described, which
generally is very close to ugrumov and may be its synonym.
    "Parnassius mnemosyne" was reported by L.Suvortsev (1894) for W.
Altai (the surroundings of Lake Zaissan and the southern slopes of the
Narymskiy mountain range). More recent observations from Altai are
missing, most probably, that report in fact was based on Driopa
stubbendorfii females.


64.  Driopa stubbendorfii (Menetries, 1849).

TYPE LOCALITY: the mountains southwards of the town Kansk.

RANGE: the mountains and adjacent lowlands of South Siberia, eastwards
from the upper Ob' River (Tomsk, the Toguchin, Iskitim, and Maslyanino
Districts of the Novosibirsk Region), NE Kazakhstan (Altai Mts. only),
the south of the Far East, the Ochot coast (Ayan, the Koni Peninsula,
the surroundings of settlement Ola), ? the Sakhalin, Mongolia, NE
China, Korea.

HABITAT: long-forb meadows, most frequently in river valleys, in South
Siberia up to 2200 m above sea level. The imagines visit flowers of
Ranunculus acris, Hesperis sibirica, Fragaria vesca, Malus baccata (in
Primorye), Vicia cracca, Pedicularis incarnata, Taraxacum officinale,
Aster alpinus, Senecio tundricola (the Magadan Region), Lilium
martagon, or for a long time sit on large leaves of herbs and bushes.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in the piedmonts of W Altai and in S Primorye: late
May/July; in most mountains of S Siberia: middle June/July; in the
Magada Region: middle July/August.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: first described by Graeser (1888). Foodplants:
Corydalis, including C. bracteata, C. pauciflora, C. gigantea, C.
ambigua, C. pallida, C. remota. Eggs: hemisphaeric, with a fine cell
sculpture, white, later become yellowishor greenish. The larvae hatch
in spring. Larva (according to observations by O.E. Kosterin in the
Novosibirsk Region): brown with two lengthwise light-yellow dorso-
lateral streaks; between them each segment has a pair of triangular
black spots, one side of which is adjacent or almost adjacent to the
fore edge of a segment and one side - to the yellow streak, and, in the
middle, a black V-shaped chevron, outlined externally with fine
yellowish striae, the apex of which touches the fore margin of the
segment; besides, each segment on either side bears two lengthwise skin
folds: one just above the legs and prolegs and one, slightly slanting,
above it, the latter being greyish in colour; the head is dark-brown;
the osmeterium is yellowish-white, almost transparent (Graeser, 1888).
The larvae feed at the evening or night. Pupation occurs on the ground
in a white frial cocoon in litter or under stones.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 24-32 mm. The wings have transparent
areas and contrasted black veins; red or large black spots are absent,
in females there may be diffuse dark spots in the cell of the fore
wing, in the males from the Magadan Region the cell contains contrasted
small black spots. In male genitalia viewed laterally the uncus narrows
gradually (Table ...). Similar species: D. hoenei.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: in S Siberia is expressed in lightening of the
ground colour in females and developing of the discal spots on the fore
wing in eastward direction. These spots are most clear-cut in the
nutterflies of the Magadan Region and are largest in the specimens of
Priamurye and Primorye. Subspecies: typicus Bryk, 1914: Altai and SW of
West Siberia; stubbendorfii Menetries, 1849: the Sayans; bodemeyeri
Bryk, 1914: Zabaikalye and Priamurye (except for the Amur lower
reaches); standfussi Bryk, 1914: the lower Amur; siegfriedi Bryk, 1914:
Primorye; kosterini Kreuzberg  et Pljushch, 1992: the Magadan Region..

ETYMOLOGY: Y.P. Stubbendorf - a Russian naturalist and ethnographist, a
guvernor of the Yakutsk Province in 50-60ths of XIX century, in 40ths
he explored the basins of the Kan, Biryusa, Uda, and Oka Rivers.


65.  Driopa hoenei (Schweitzer, 1912)
(= stubbendorfii auct.).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan: Hokkaido.

RANGE: The Sakhalin, S Kuriles, Japan.

HABITAT: meadow patches, forest openings, river valleys.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1982). Foodplants:
Corydalis ambigua, C.pallida. Eggs: yellowish-white with numerous tiny
dents, laid singly or by small groups on withered leaves and twigs in
the vicinity of the foodplant; hibernate. Larva: brown or greyish with
pale interrupted lateral streaks margined by darker lunules; on the
back of each segment there is a black V-shaped stroke with yellowish
margin. Pupa: light-brown, fopund in a frail cocoon in litter.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: 28-31 mm, much resembles that of P.
stubbendorfii, but dark spots in fore wing cell are more developed. The
reliable identification is possible by the male genitalia where the
uncus, viewed laterally, is narrowed abruptly at the medial part (Table
...).

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Subspecies: esaki Nakahara, 1926: the Sakhalin;
doii Matsumura, 1928: the S Kuriles, it differs from esaki by black
spots in the cell in males and on average darker females.



superspecies eversmanni (Menetries in Siemaschko, 1850).
   F.w.l.: 23-39 mm. The wing ground colour in males is bright- or
pale-yellow, in females whitish. The pattern of greyish bands and spots
cover the entire wing surface, distinct black spots are abcent, the
hind wing bears 2-3 red spots; on the hind wing underside there are red
spots at the base.


66.  Driopa (eversmanni) eversmanni (Menetries in Siemaschko, 1850).

TYPE LOCALITY: S Siberia: the mountains south of the town Kansk.

RANGE: The mountains of South and East Siberia and the Far East (except
for Primorye), Mongolia, the Shantar Islands, Japan, Alaska.

HABITAT: meadows in the alpine zone and the upper part of the montane
forest belt, detrituous, meadow, or dwarf-birch montane tundras.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/August.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Corydalis, including C. pauciflora in
Altai (Kreuzberg, 1987), C. paeonfolia and C. gorodkovi in E Yakutia
(Y.N. Glushchenko); Dicentra was also recorded. A biennial species.
Eggs: pinkish, later become white; laid singly on the stones, ground,
or litter at the foodplants, hibernate. The young larva is dark; the
mature larva is dark-brown with a row of yellowish spots on the back
and lateral lines of the same colour, set with tiny hairs; it pupates
in a frail silk shelter under stones or in the leaf fall. Pupa:
reddish-brown, covered with tiny knobs.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 23-31 mm. The wings are bright-yellow
in males, white with yellowish tint in females, the greyish
semitransparent bands are wider than in D. litoreus and D. felderi.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: in the most part of Siberia is weakly
expressed. In Zabaikalye and E Siberia there ranges the subspecies
vosnesenskii Menetries, 1850 (= magadana D.Weiss, 1971). The extreme
North of E. Siberia and in Chukotka are inhabited by the subspecies
polaris Shulte, 1991 described from Alaska, which is very close to the
small thor Edwards, 1881.
    Etymology: Eduard Aleksandrovich Eversmann (1794-1860) - a
prominent Russian entomologist, a Professor of the Kazan' University.


67. Driopa (eversmanni) litoreus (Stichel in Vytsman, 1907).

TYPE LOCALITY: the Lower Priamurye: Nikolaevsk-na-Amure.

RANGE: the eastern ridges of the Sikhote-Alin' mountain chain, the Amur
River low reaches. A local species.

HABITAT: long-form meadows in brook sources at the tree line, at 600-
1200 m altitude.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle July/middle August.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Corydalis gigantea (Kurenzov, 1970).
Probably a biennial species (Y.N. Glushchenko).

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 29-39 mm; differs from felderi by a
yellow colouration of males and from eversmanni  by larger size and
reduced red spots and elements of the grey pattern.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The subspecies litoreus is known from the
surroundigs of Nikolaevsk-na-Amure, it approaches to felderi by pale-
yellow colouration of the males and to eversmanni by a rela tively
small size; the Middle and SOuthern Sikhote-Alin' is inhabited by ssp.
maui Bryk, 1914, differing by bright-yellow ground colour in males
(A.N. Strel'tsov thinks this taxon belongs to P. felderi).


68. Driopa (eversmanni) felderi (Bremer, 1861).

TYPE LOCALITY: "Chinghah" - by the lectotype (Tschikolovets, 1993), "im
Bureja-Gebrige: according to the original description.

RANGE: The northern spurs of the Malyy Hinghan mountain range
(Raddeevka, Kul'dur, Obluchshye, the Dusse-Alin' mountain range, the
Kerbi River headwaters). A local species.

HABITAT: damp forest meadows on open slopes, in brook and rivulet
valleys, where Corydalis gigantea grows.

FLIGHT PERIOD: late June/late July.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied by A.N. Strel'tsov (1995). Foodplant:
Corydalis gigantea. Eggs: 1.1-1.3 mm im diameter, brownish-whte, dark-
brown at the micropile, almost sphaeric but flattened beneath, with a
rough graini sculpture becoming fine reticulate at the micropile; laid
at the foodplant. Eggs or young larvae hibernate. Young larvae feed
openly at daytime, especially active in sunny weather. Mature larva:
38-43 mm; resembles the colour of C. gigantea foliage: dark green,
lighter dorsally, set with short hairs, with a yellow lengthwise stripe
and black triangular spots on either side  of each segment, and a chain
of trapecia-like black yellow-rimmed spots on the back. Before pupation
in middle July the larva spins a relatively dense silken cocoon-like
shelter right between the foodplant leaves. Pupa: castane-brown, with
small rounded crests at the wing cases; the cremaster is roundish with
two symmetrical comvexities in the fore part and roughly grainy in the
hind part. (Probably pupation is impossible on very wet ground of
meadowy brook banks where the foodplants grow).

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 30-40 mm; the wings are white or
yellowish-white in both sexes, red spots are usually absent or
rudimentary, sexual dimorphism is expressed in the grey semitransparent
bands being wider and more distinct in females. Similar species: D.
litoreus.

SYSTEMATIC NOTE: in the headwaters of the Kerbi River and on the pass
from there to the Bureya basin individuals of D. felderi and D.
eversmanni were found by E.N. Novomodnyi in 1978 to fly together and so
proved to be different species. Later these observations were repeated
by A. V.-A. Kreuzberg.

ETYMOLOGY: Cajetan Felder - an Austrian lepidopterologist, who treated
the materials from Japan and China in 60s-70s years of XIX century.



69.  Driopa clarius (Eversmann, 1843)
(= ariadne Ackery, 1973 et auct., nec Lederer, 1853)

TYPE LOCALITY: "Tarbagatai" - by the lectotype (Tschikolovets,
1993).

RANGE: An endemic of the Altai, Tarbagatai and Saur Mts., once reported
for Tuva (surroundings of Turan, the stow Khaybar).

HABITAT: meadows alternating with screes and rocks on steep southern
slopes and plateaux  at altitudes of 300-1800 m. The imagines were
observed to feed almost exclusively on the flowers of Dracocephalum
nutans.

FLIGHT PERIOD: late May/late July, depending on altitude and seasonal
peculiarities.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied by Y.A. Shevnin and P.Y. Gorbunov in W
Altai and K. Vodyanov in N Altai. Foodplants: only Corydalis nobilis
has been reported. Eggs: purple, hemisphaeric, with a dimple on the
apex; laid on the flowers of Dracocephalum nutans or other substrates
near the foodplants, the shoots of which have already been died in
middle June. Hibernation occurs at the egg stage. Mature larvae were
observed in May on the foodplants and in June (when the imagines flew!)
mostly on stones and detritus. They are coal-black with a row of small
oval orange spots on either side (by one spot at the hing margin of
each segment); 1st segment has two spots on either side, the fore of
which containing a black dot. The osmeterium is orange-yellow. All the
body has short dense black hairs. Segments 4 to 12 bear six small
glossy warts each, but segments 2 and 3 have by eight of them, forming
a straight row. The pupae is brown with a waxy bloom, it is found
beneath stones in frail silk shelter.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: 28-35 mm; wings are yellowish-white, the fore
wing has two waving semitransparent submarginal bands as different from
D. eversmanni, which has three of them; the hind wing - a dentate
submarginal band; on the hind wing underside the red spots are absent
at the base but present in the postdiscoidal area.

SYSTEMATIC NOTES: This species, described by E. Eversmann as clarius,
recently got to be named  ariadne Kindermann in Lederee, 1853) thanks
to the existance of the name clarius Herrich-Schaffer, 1843. However,
the name ariadne was taken from misunderstood work of Lederer (1653:
354) in which the name ariadne Kindermann was in fact opposited to
clarius Eversmann and synonymized to clarius Herrich-Shaffer, which is
in turn a synonym to a Caucasian species Driopa nordmanni Menetries. In
this respect we hereby recover the name by Eversmann, taken also into
account that the name clarius Herrich-Shaffer was used only in
synonymi.



GENUS SACHAJA Korshunov, 1988.
Type species: Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851.

  F.w.l.: 17-31 mm; the wings are white, often with a yellowish tint,
in females - with a dark suffusion. The pattern consists of small
separate black spots or strokes, the reddish or yellowish spots on the
hind wings are elongate and may be reduced. The sphragis is small and
irregular in shape. The larvae develop on Corydalis.
  The genus ranges in the mountain regions of North Asia from
Altai to Chukotka and includes 2 species.


70.  Sachaja tenedius (Eversmann, 1851).

TYPE LOCALITY: the East Sayan: the Khalugaisha River.

RANGE: West Altai (the Narymskii mt. range), SE [Russian] Altai (the
Kuraiskii mt. range), Tuva (the settlement Shurmak), the East
Sayan,Pribaikalye, East Siberia, the Mongolia (Khubsugul and Central
Ainaks). A local species.

HABITAT: open forests and, mostly, burnt and felled areas, pits, dumps,
other places with disturbed soil, where the foodplant grows; in the
mountains of South Siberia - in the upper part of the forest belt at
altitudes of 1000-2600 m, in the northern range - predominantly in the
valleys. The butterflies are active only in the sunny weather, when the
sun dissapear they sit on the stones for a long time with spread wings.
In Altai the feeding of imagines was observed on the flowers of Iris
humilis.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in ALtai: late April/late June, in the mountains of NE
Siberia - late May/early July until July.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Corydalis capnoides was reported for
Altai (K. Vodyanov), C. sibirica - for Central Siberia (Y.N.
Glushchenko), also reported was Lagotis integrifolia, that does not
seem correct. In captivity the larvae developed successfully on the
European species of Corydalis. Eggs: white, glossy, with a fine cell
sculpture, hemisphaeric with a dimple at the apex; laid singly
(sometimes in a row by 5-7, often several eggs are laid per one plant)
on the young foodplants or near it. Larva: dark brown with a row of
pale-orange spots along the back and two similar rows on either side.
The larvae hatch 7-10 days after oviposition, pupate in the middle of
the summer, the pupae hibernate, sometimes twice or thrice.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 24-31 mm. The red spots on the hind
wings are present, they are small and to some extent stretched along
the veins.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The butterflies from v arious mountain regions
of South Siberia are quite similar and should be attributed to the
subspecies tenedius (= vulcanus Bryk et Eisner, 1932, described from
Altai; = sceptica Bryk  et  Eisner,  1932, described from Pribaikalye
and the Stanovoe Nagorye upland). An East Siberian subspeceis britae
Bryk, 1932 differs by in general smaller size, in females there are a
yellowish tint on the wings and the greyish marginal spots on the hind
wings ate fused into a contiguous margin about 2 mm wide.


71.  Sachaja ammosovi Korshunov, 1988.
(= arctica auct.)

TYPE LOCALITY: the Suntar-Khayata mountain range: the headwaters of the
Verkhnyaya Khandyga River.

RANGE: An endemic of the mountains of Verkhoyanye. Only two reliable
records are known: the headwaters of the Kele and Verkhnyaya Khandyga
Rivers.

HABITAT: According to observations of P.Y. Gorbunov, the species keep
strictly to characteristic screes of small black stones on south-
exposed mountain slopes at 1300-1800 m altitude, where, however, the
imagines are not frequently met with. They visit the flowers of
Corydalis gorodkovi. As different from very stenotopic males, some
females can migrate to adjacent habitats, such as the valley larch
forests.

FLIGHT PERIOD: usually the second half of July.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Eggs are laid singly at the bases of Corydalis
gorodkovi plants (Y.N. Glushchenko). Probably a biennial species.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 17-23 mm. The wing colouration is
variable; as different from S. tenedius, on the hind wing the red spots
are as a rule absent, as an exception there may be the dots of a
peculiar pale-red-brown colour on the corresponding places. In females
the wings have large semitransparent areas.


SYSTEMATICAL NOTES: A negligent description of two resembling specimens
(females) as Parnassius simo arctica Eisner, 1968, was published by
Eisner; the type locality is not clear ("Werchnosensk", that probably
means Verkhoyansk); the holotype, being a female, was indicated as a
male. The identity of the taxa arctica and ammosovi is not still
established. For a decision a special thorough investigation of the
type specimens of arctica is necessary.

ETYMOLOGY: Yuriy Nikolaevich Ammosov  (1936-1979)  -  the first
Yakutian lepidopterologist, a researcher of the Yakutian Sector of the
USSR Academy of Sciences.