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FAMILIA SATYRIDAE
Butterflies mostly of intermediate size (F.w.l.: 13-40 mm, most
frequently 20-30 mm) with brown and ochre colours predominating on
wings. The base of antenna lacks a bunch of hairs. Fore legs very
reduced and transformed, useless for walking. One or several veins
swallen or widened substantially at wing bases.
Eggs barrel-shaped or globular (e.g. in the genus Oeneis), they are
scattered by females over the foodplant bunches or are attached at the
stem bases, leaves or, less frequently, on other appropriate substrate.
Larvae spindle-shaped, covered with fine hairs or naked; their anal
segment is usually forked. The larvae of most our species hibernate,
feed usually at night. Grasses of the families Poaceae and Cyperaceae
serve as the foodplants. Pupae short, obtuse and smooth, suspended head
downwards or lie freely on the ground.
There are more than 400 genera and 2400 species in the world
fauna, little more than 200 of them inhabit the Palearctic, about 110
species occur in the Asian Russia.
SUBFAMILIA ELYMNIINAE Herrich-Schaffer, 1864.
TRIBUS LETHINI Clark, 1948
GENUS NEOPE Moore, [1866].
Type species: Lasiommata (?) bhadra Moore, 1857.
F.w.l.: 28-33 mm. Wing upperside brown with distinct ochre spots;
light veins distinct in central region of fore wing. There is a row of
seven ocelli at outer margin of hind wing and that of three ones at fore
wing margin. Pupa hibernates on the ground in a frail cocoon made up of
silk-spun dead leaves.
The genus includes 10 species from E and SE Asia.
218. Neope niphonica Butler, 1881
(= goschkewitschii auct.).
TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.
RANGE: The southern Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan.
HABITAT: Open coniferous and mixed forests, wood edges grown up with
Sasa, bush thickets in the mountains, including those of the dwarf pine
(Pinus pumila). The butterflies usually keep to forest edges and like to
rest on tree branches and trunks; sometimes they visit flowers and are
attracted by the soap leaking out from wounded trees.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/middle August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplant:
Sasa senanensis. Eggs: blueish-green, laid on the foodplant leaves in
peculiar batches, say, by 30 eggs in three adjacent rows. Young larvae:
live gregariously, feed at night and hide under the leaf-fall at
daytime; they are reddish-brown with darker head with two horny knobs.
Mature larva: light-brown (of the faded leaf colour) with hardly
noticeable brown markings along lighter dentate stripes on back and
sides; a similar streak goes along spiracles; it lives solitarily. Pupa:
roundish, light-brown, with small round spots on abdominal segments at
margins of wing cases; ventral side with dark markings grouped into an
interrupted medial stripe.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 27-32 mm. On fore wing upperside the
brown ocellus situated in the third, from the anal margin, ochre spot is
shifted to outer margin; lightened parts of veins do not extend to oval
ochre spots. On hind wing underside the black ocelli at wing margin are
larger than in the following species, their bordering narrower. In male
genitalia uncus about one and half as long as subunci (Table, ....).
Similar species: Neope goschkewitschii.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: weakly expressed. To our mind, the status of the
taxa solowijofkai Matsumura (Sakhalin), 1925, and kurilensis Matsumura,
1928 (S Kuriles), does not reach the subspecies level.
219. Neope goschkewitschii (Menetries, 1832).
TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.
RANGE: This local species ranges in Japan and is known also from the
Kunashir island (the Cape Ivanovskiy, the town Sernovodsk).
HABITAT: in the Kunashir: edges of broad-leaved, mostly oak, forests,
open oak elfin wood transitory to coastal meadows. Imagines have a
powerful flight, they like to rest on tree branches and trunks and have
not been observed on the flowering plants.
FLIGHT PERIOD: from the first days of July to early August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan studied in Japan (Fukuda et al.,
1983). Foodplant: Sasa veitchii. Eggs: light-gren with a yellowish tint,
laid underside the foodplant leaves in batches by 5-20. Young larvae
gregarious, they are greyish-green with yellowish head and lengthwise
light lines, more conspicuous on the sides. Mature larva: lighter,
stout, and less active than that of N.niphonica; its body is covered by
dark spots and dots. For pupation it fastens several withered leaves
with each-other. Pupa: light-brown with dark spots; hibernates.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 30-33 mm. On fore wing upperside the
brown ocellus situated in the third, from the anal margin, ochre spot is
situated in the middle of the latter; lightened parts of veins go behind
edges of oval ochre spots. On hind wing underside in both sexes black
ocelli at wing margin smaller than in the former species, their
bordering rather wide. In male genitalia uncus is no more than 1.35
times as longer as subunci (Table, ....). Similar species: Neope
niphonica.
ETYMOLOGY: Iosif Antonovich Goshkevich (1814-1875) - a collector of
plants and insects, a explorer of China, the Russian consul in Japan.
GENUS ZOPHOESSA Doubleday, [1849].
Type species: Zophoessa sura Doubleday, 1849.
An East-Asiatic genus.
220. Zophoessa callipteris (Butler, 1877).
TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.
RANGE: The south of Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan.
HABITAT: mixed and deciduous forests. The imagines keep to open stands
of trees, edges, roads, often occur under the forest canopy.
FLIGHT PERIOD: July and the first half of August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Sasa kurilensis, S. senanensis. Eggs: white, laid in small clusters, up
to 20, on foodplant leaf underside. Young larvae gregarious, mature
ones, after hibernation, solitarily. Mature larva: green with several
interrupted yellwoish lengthwise lines; it keeps to leaf underside where
it makes a silken shelter, in which it pupates. Pupa: suspended, green,
sometimes with yellowish spots, with small white specks on thorax and
abdomen, wing cases bordered with a white stripe.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 25-30 mm; wing upperside brown with
large yellowish spots; hind wing underside has a row of six black ocelli
at outer margin; fore wing underside has no ocellus.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. miuima Esaki et Nakahara, 1924
(=karafutonis Matsumura, 1925) is described for the Sakhalin, ssp.
diluta Esaki et Nakahara, 1924, for the Kunashir.
GENUS KIRINIA Moore, [1893].
T.s..: Lasiommata epimenides Menetries, 1859.
F.w.l.: 24-29 mm. Wing upperside brown with a pattern consisting of
diffuse ochre spots; underside grey with brown reticulate ornament; hind
wing underside has a row of six ocelli at outer margin; hind wing
underside has an apical ocellus.
An East-Asiatic genus with four species.
221. Kirinia epaminondas (Staudinger, 1887)
(= epimenides auct.).
TYPE LOCALITY: Priamurye: Blagoveshchensk.
RANGE: Middle Priamurye, Primorye, Central and NE China, Korea, Japan.
HABITAT: dry southern slopes, dry open montane oak forests.
FLIGHT PERIOD: July/August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Poa ochotensis, P. angustifolia, Brachypodium, Elytrigia; Miscanthus
sinensis, and other Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Eggs: whitish, deposited in
batches by 5-10 on withered leaves. Larva hibernates at the first
instar, when it is light-brown with dark spots and brownish head; a
larva at intermediate instars has lengthwise dark streaks on back and
sides. Mature larva: evenly green, set with long hairs. It pupates on
foodplant or near it. Pupa: suspended by tail, yellow or green; wing
cases margined with a yellow stripe; sparse light dots scattered over
the abdomen, thorax bears a knob, abdomen bent substantially.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 24-29 mm. On fore wing underside the
transversal stripe within cell which is closest to wing base is bent
slightly, its ends touching veins of cell. In male genitalia uncus bent
proximally of its middle. Similar species: K. epimenides.
222. Kirinia epimenides (Menetries, 1859).
TYPE LOCALITY: the mountains of Bureya.
RANGE: E Zabaikalye, Priamurye (downstream to the Gorin River),
Primorye, NE and Central China , Korea.
HABITAT: meadows in valley broad-leaved and mixed forests. In the
mountains the form atratus Kurenzov, 1970 inhabits rock outcrops and
openings within the coniferous forest belt and reaches the tree-line.
These butterflies were observed to behave as typically alpine ones, as
having a swift flight and tending to close wings and slant them along
the wind while resting (Kurentzov, 1970).
FLIGHT PERIOD: prolonged, middle July/September.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 23-31 mm. On fore wing underside the
transversal stripe within cell which is closest to wing base is bent
strongly, its lower end contacting with wing base. In male genitalia
uncus is bent at base. Similar species: K. epaminondas.
GENUS NINGUTA Moore [1892].
Type species: Pronophilla schrenkii Menetries, 1858.
A monotypical East-Asiatic genus
223. Ninguta schrenckii (Menetries, 1858).
TYPE LOCALITY: the mountains of Bureya.
RANGE: Priamurye (from the Bureya to the Gorin Rivers), Primorye, the
south-western Sakhalin, NE China, Korea, Japan.
HABITAT: mixed and valley broad-leaved forests. Imagines keep to the
open stand of trees, wood edges, banks of water bodies; they rest on
tree trunks, being disturbed fly into understorey thickets.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle July/late August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Carex, Scirpus wichurai (Cyperaceae). Eggs: whitish or yellowish, laid
in chains by 10-20 on foodplsnt leaves. Larvae at the first instar live
gregariously, they are green and set with black hairs; after hibernation
at 2nd-3rd instar they start a solitary life. Mature larva: thin,
greenish, with a lighter back and lengthwise dark-green lines; head
bears small sharp horns. Pupa: suspended, light-green or brown; wing
cases as if covered by chap reticulation, they are dorsally bordered by
a light line; head apex bears two knobs; thorax - a large keel-shaped
projection; cremaster elongate, yellow.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 33-42 mm. Wing upperside
velvet-brown, without light spots and stripes; on hind wing
underside there are six contrasted ocelli at outer margin.
ETYMOLOGY: Leopold Ivanovich Schrenk (1826-1894), a Russian zoologist, an
explorer of Primorye and the Amur, a member-constitutor of the Russian
Entomological Society in 1859.
GENUS LETHE Hubner, [1819].
Type species: Papilio europa Fabricius, 1775.
F.w.l.: 22-29 mm. Wing underside and upperside brown or dark-brown; on
hind wing underside there is a row of six ocelli at outer margin; on
fore wing underside there are 2-3 small ocelli at apex.
The genus includes about 50 species from E and SE Asia and Australia.
224. Lethe marginalis (Motschulsky, 1860)
TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.
RANGE: Priamurye (from the Bureya to the Gorin Rivers), Primorye (on the
coasts southwards to the Terney Bay only), North-East and Central China,
Korea, Japan.
HABITAT: valley broad-leaved, rarely montane mixed forests. Imagines
usually keep to the lower parts of tree crowns and rest on leaves.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle July/middle August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Miscanthus sinensis, Spodiopogon sibiricus (Poaceae), Scirpus wichurai,
Carex spp (Cyperaceae). Eggs: greenish; laid singly or in small batches
on foodplant leaf underside. The larvae hibernate at intermediate
instars, in spring they are found on leaf underside. They resemble those
of Ninguta schrenckii: yellowish-green with lengthwise interrupted
streaks, set with fine hairs; there are two processes on head; body ends
with a pair of spines. Pupa: suspended on foodplant, light green, with
wing ceses bordered by a darker greenish line; thorax bears a knobby
projection.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 25-28 mm. On the fore wing underside
there is an even light band going from the fore margin to the anal
angle. Similar species: L. diana.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The southern Far East is inhabited by the ssp.
maacki Bremer, 1861, with black ocelli on hind wing upperside less
distinct than in Japanese butterflies.
225. Lethe diana (Butler, 1866).
TYPE LOCALITY: N Japan.
RANGE: S Primorye (the villages Ryazanovka, Sukhanovka), the southern
Sakhalin, the Shikotan and Kunashir islands, Central and NE China,
Korea, Japan.
HABITAT: mixed and broad-leaved forests, on the islands - with an
understorey of the Kurile bamboo (Sasa kurilensis). In S Primorye,
according to the observations by E.A. Belyaev, females keep to reed
(Phragmites) thickets on damp places along brooks in valley broad-leaved
forests, while males fly in the crowns of bushes and trees of the
intermediate layer, not far from the reed thickets. They occupy
individual areas from where they actively chase out other butterflies.
Imagines are most active in a warm and foggy weather, they like to rest
on herb and tree leaves.
FLIGHT PERIOD: July/August.
PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Sasa; in Primorye probably Phragmites. Eggs: whitish or greenish, laid
singly on foodplant leaf underside. The young larva attaches itself with
a silken thread to the central vein on the leaf underside. Hibernation
occurs usually at the fourth instar. Mature larva: green or pale-brown,
with a pair of processes on head. The green form has yellow interrupted
lines along body, those going along sides from head spinules to tail
ones being most conspicuous. The brown form has a dark double line on
back and two rows of interrupted slanting dashes laterally of it on
either side, the rows are separated from each other by a lengthwise
yellow line. The larvae are often found on bamboo stems. Pupa: usually
hangs on the foodplant leaf underside, it is green or light-brown with
dark dots on thorax amd abdomen and dark streaks on wing cases; a double
dark line goes from cremaster to thoracic prominence.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. On fore wing underside light
band bends substantially and usually does not reach anal angle. Similar
species: L. marginalis.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: from the Kunashir ssp. tomatiope Bryk, 1942 was
described.
TRIBUS PARARGINI Tutt, 1896.
Butterflies of intermediate size, wings brown with an ocellate
pattern in postdiscal area. At fore wing base one vein is swallen;
transversal vein on hind wing present. Pupae suspended.
GENUS PARARGE Hubner, [1819].
Type species: Papilio aegeria Linnaeus, 1758.
A Palearctic genus with five species.
226. Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758).
TYPE LOCALITY: S Europe.
RANGE: Europe, N Africa, western Anterior Asia, South and Central Ural.
HABITAT: montane dark-needle forests, rarely other types of wet forests
of the south-taiga series, in South Ural rises up to 1000 m altitude.
Imagines live under the forest canopy, at edges, roads and pathways.
They occupy spots of sunlight within tree shade under the canopy and
defend them as individual areas.
FLIGHT PERIOD: June
PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe (Buckler, 1836, other authors):
various Poaceae, such as Poa, Melica, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyron,
Digitaria, Triticum, etc. Eggs: globular, whitish with a reticulate
sculpture. Larva: light-green with a dark back streak bordered with
yellow rim and two light-yellow lines on either side; head green; the
anal segments is forked. Pupa: varies from yellow-green through dark
emerald-green to light brown; wing cases with a light bordering; abdomen
stout, convex, back bears a blunt prominence; pupa is suspended just
above the ground or on gravel or stones; it hibernates.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 19-22 mm. Wing upperside brown with a
pattern of separated whitish spots; fore wing apically with an ocellus,
hind wing with a submarginal row of ocelli.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural is inhabited with ssp. tircis Godart, 1827,
widely ranging in the moderate zne of Europe, wchich is characterized by
a whitish colour of spots on wings.
GENUS LOPINGA Moore, [1893].
Type species: Pararge dumetorum Oberthur, 1866.
A Palearctic genus with five species.
227. Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763).
TYPE LOCALITY: Austria: Carinthia.
RANGE: The south of the forest and forest-steppe zone of Eurasia, the
adjacent mountain countries, the S Sakhalin, Kuriles, Japan.
HABITAT: forest roads, glades, wood edges, open woods, bush-bird cherry
thickets in the valleys of steppen brooks. In the mountains of the Amur
River along slopes covered with larch-birch forests and rock outcrops
rises to the tree line (Sviridov, 1981a). The imagines often feed on the
flowers of Apiaceae and rest on herb leaves.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: various Poaceae, such as Brachipodium,
Elytrigia, Phleum, Poa, and also Carex (Cyperaceae). Eggs: globular,
yellowish or whitish-green, usually scattered by females over the grass.
The young larvae hibernate and later feed until May. Mature larva: green
with three dark lengthwise lines on back and a double light streak along
either side; head yellowish-brown with white dots; body set with hairs;
anal spinules whitish. The larva keeps to the foodplant base. Pupa:
light-green with whitish specks and streaks, with two light transversal
stripe and small dark dashes parallel to them on each wing case, head
angular; thorax bears a projection; there are four white knobs in rear
part of the body. It is suspended low on the grass or stones.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 18-28 mm. Fore wing underside brown,
in postdiscal area with a row of five large black oval spots ringed with
ochre.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: ssp. achine (?= uralensis Bryk, 1953; ?=
kenteana Bryk, 1953) ranges widely in Ural and Siberia.
The southern Far East is inhabited by ssp. euximia Staudinger, 1892 (=
pusilla Kurentzov, 1966), described from S Primorye (the Suchan River
and Askold Island), which differs from the nominotypical one first of
all by a well developed white postdiscal band. Similar butterflies from
the Sakhalin were described as ssp. karafutonis Matsumura, 1919. A
Hokkaidian subspecies jezoensis Matsumura, 1919 was reported for the
South Kuriles, besides, a taxon kurilensis Matsumura, 1928 was
described from the Shikotan Island.
228. Lopinga deidamia (Eversmann, 1851).
TYPE LOCALITY: E Siberia: the Irkutsk environs.
RANGE: The subzones of the southern and middle taiga of Asia, the
adjacent mountain countries southwards to Mongolia and NE China,
the Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan. On planes this is a local
species.
HABITAT: wood edges, openings, burnt-over woodland, roads in wet montane
coniferous forests up to the altitude of 1600 m. Imagines usually live
solitarily and are cautious. Females to the end of flight period start
actively migrating and visit various non-typical biotopes.
FLIGHT PERIOD: June/July.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983); a Latin
description of the egg and larva was published still by Y.M. Kolosov
(1924). Foodplants: Calamagrostis, Elytrigia, Agrostis, and other
Poaceae. Eggs: yellowish-white, laid singly on foodplant leaf underside.
Larva: green with a dark line on the back, after hibernation becomes
brown; set with hairs; the anal segment is forked. It pupates on the
foodplant or on gravel or other appropriae substrate near. Pupa: light-
green or dark, suspended.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 25-30 mm. The fore wing underside
evenly grey-brown, apically with a large ocellus and elongate light
spots proximally of it.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural, Siberia and Priamurye are inhabted by ssp.
deidamia. The butterflies from the southern Primorye and Sakhalin (from
where ssp. sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911 was described) by well
expressed white postdiscal spots on fore wing underside approach to a
Japanese subspecies erebina Butler, 1883.
GENUS LASIOMMATA Westwood in Humphreys et Westwood, 1841.
Type species: Papilio megera Linnaeus, 1767.
A Palearctic genus with six species.
229. Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758).
TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden.
RANGE: Europe, Morocco, Anterior Asia, Middle and South Ural, the
wouthern West and Central Siberia north-east to the southern taiga zone,
the mountains of Sayan, Altai and E and SE Kazakhstan.
HABITAT: meadow areas in forests, birch "kolki" [groves], pine woods,
wind-break stripes, and bush thickets; rock outcrops.
FLIGHT PERIOD: June/the first half of July; 1.5 - 2 weeks later than L.
petropolitana. In the southern regions the imagines of the second brood,
of somewhat smaller size, can occur in August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe. Foodplants: various Poaceae, such
as Festuca, Poa, Glyceria, Hordeum. Eggs: yellowish-white, blunt conical
with numerous dimples; laid mostly by 2-3 on the foodplant leaves.
Larva: light-green with a dark-green stripe along back, bordered with a
wide whitish-green rim, and a greyish-white, with a dark border beneath,
streak above yellowish spiracles on either side; ventral side greenish-
grey or blueish-green; set with light hairs; body length up to 30 mm.
Hibernation occurs at the larval stage. Pupa: suspended low on stones or
grass leaves; it is pale yellow-green or dark-olive-green or even brown,
depending on a substrate, with two blunt projections on head; body bent
before abdomen; areas of cremaster and head projections usually lighter,
yellowish.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 21-29 mm; fore wing underside apically
with a large ocellus and a brick-red area (in females) or spots (in
males) beneath it, without whitish spots or distinct dark transversal
sreaks. Similar species: L. petropolitana.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: In the taiga zone of Ural and West SIberia there
ranges ssp. monotonia Schilde, 1885. In forest-steppe areas somewhat
larger individuals predominate with an enlarged for wing apical ocellus,
widened light-brown areas on the fore wing underside and a more mottled
pattern of the hind wing underside. Perhaps, they should be attributed
to ssp. ordona Fruhstorfer 1909.
230. Lasiommata petropolitana (Fabricius, 1787).
(= hiera auct.).
TYPE LOCALITY: SanctPetersburg.
RANGE: The forest zone of Eurasia, the adjacent mountain regions.
HABITAT: glades, roads and damp meadows in forests, mostly coniferous,
open pine woods, in the mountains rises up to the tree line.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle May/late June, in the North and at high elevations
- in the first middle of July. In the South Ural and Novosibirsk
Province the imagines of an abortive second brood has been met with.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Festuca, Poa, Dactylis, and other
Poaceae. Eggs: white or light-green, sphaerical, with obscure ribs; laid
singly on the foodplant leaves. Larva: green with a fine dark-green back
line along back, distinct only in the rear part of body, and two
whitish-yellow lines along either side. Pupa: evenly green, usually
suspended on gravel or litter; it hibernates.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 19-25 mm; the fore wing underside
brownish with distinct dark narrow transversal streaks and a large
ocellus at apex. Similar species: L. maera.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The butterflies from vwrious regions of Ural and
Siberia do not show substantial differences from ssp. petropolitana, to
which the taxa ominata Krulikovsky, 1903 (described from the Kirov
Province) sestia Fruhstorfer, 1908 (Altai), and falcida Fruhstorfer,
1908 (the Khentei Mts.) most probably should be attributed.
SUBFAMILIA SATYRINAE Boisduval, 1833.
TRIBUS YPTHIMINI Miller, 1968.
GENUS YPTHIMA Hubner, 1818.
Type species: Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871.
F.w.l.: 16-23 mm. Wing underside with black yellow-rimmed
ocelli on a marbled brown background.
The genus includes about 50 species from S and SE Asia and
Australia.
231. Ypthima argus Butler, 1866
(= baldus Staudinger, 1871).
TYPE LOCALITY: Japan: Hokkaido.
RANGE: Priamurye (from the Zeya to the Gorin Rivers), Primorye, the
Kunashir, the South Kuriles, Central and North-Eastn China, Korea,
Japan.
HABITAT: openings and glades in Korean stone pine/broad-leaved forests,
coastal meadows.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Poaceae: Poa annua, Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria, Elytrigia,
Miscanthus sinensis, and others. Eggs: greenish-blue, laid singly on the
foodplant stems and leaves or dead grass leaves on the ground. Larva:
light-coloured with lengthwise rows of dark dots and a lighter line
beneath dark spiracles on either side; head brownish. The larva is
usually situated on the ground and feeds at night. Pupa: suspended, of
angular shape, pale-brown with lighter wing cases; it bears four
transversal crests on dorsal side, two larger on thorax and two smaller
- on abdomen.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 16-20 mm. Wing underside is whitish or
brownish with a contrasted marbled ornament; there are five ocelli on
hind wing underside.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Priamurye and Primorye are inhabited by ssp.
hyampeia Fruhstorfer, 1911; ssp. jesoensis Matsumura, 1819, close to
the nominotypical one, was described from the Kunashir.
232. Ypthima amphithea (Menetries, 1859.)
(= Ypthima motschulskyi auct.).
TYPE LOCALITY: the Amur River at the Sungari River mouth.
RANGE: Primorye, northwards along the Ussuri valley to Khabarovsk, NE
and Central China, Korea, Japan.
HABITAT: damp Calamagrostis and Carex/Calamagrostis valley meadows.
FLIGHT PERIOD: late July/middle August.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Cyperaceae and Poaceae. Eggs: green, laid singly. Larva: green with a
yellowish streak along spiracles on either side; set with short light
hairs; head is dark-green. Pupa: brown or green; in the green form dark
dashes are noticeable on wing cases and small light spots on the
abdomen.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 19-21 mm. Wing underside brown with a
not contrasted marbled ornament; three large ocelli distinct on the hind
wing underside.
SYSTEMATICAL NOTES: The senior author (Y.K.) considers Ypthima
motschulskyi (Bremer et Grey, 1852) as a separate species different from
Y. amphitea, which ranges in China, at Peking and southwards, and in
Japan.
TRIBUS COENONYMPHINI Tutt, 1869.
GENUS TRIPHYSA Zeller, 1850.
Type species: Papilio tircis Stoll in Cramer, [1782].
F.w.l.: 15-18 mm. Wing upperside brownish-grey in males
and whitish in females; hind wing underside brownish with
distinct light veins.
A Palearctic genus with two species.
233. Triphysa phryne (Pallas, 1771).
TYPE LOCALITY: "Eastern Russia" [the Volga River basin]
RANGE: SE Europe, the South Ural piedmonts, the southern West Siberia, N
and E Kazakhstan, the Tien-Shan. A local species.
HABITAT: virgin areas of the typical steppes and their patches in the
vicinity of damp relief depressions, ravines, bush thickets, old
fallows.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle April/late May.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 15-17 mm. Postdiscal area of each
wing has five black spots centred with white pupils. Similar species: T.
albovenosa.
234. Triphysa albovenosa Ershov, 1885
(= phryne auct.).
TYPE LOCALITY: Blagoveshchensk.
RANGE: The subzone of the middle taiga of the Central and East Siberia,
the western Chukotka (the settlement Bilibino), the mountains of S
Siberia, Priamurye, the lowland regions of Primorye, Mongolia, N and NE China,
Korea. Found by Yu.P. Gorbunov (1992) in North Zauralye [Transuralia] (the
Malaya Sos'va River, the headwaters of the Konda River) - far apart of
the previously known range. A local species.
HABITAT: in the taiga zone, as a rule, rised bogs and larch "mari"
(boggy parklands); in Central Yakutia, South Siberia and Primorye - dry
meadows and steppes of various kinds on river terraces, montane slopes
and intermontane hollows, arid open forests; in the mountains locally
occur also on tundra bogs.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle May/July, depending on the locality.
PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Probable foodplants: Carex.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 15-18 mm. Postdiscal ocelli blind, in
the butterflies connected with tundras and bogs usually absent. Similar
species: T. phryne.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The nominotypical subspecies ranges in
Priamurye and Primorye. A closely related ssp. tscherskii Grum-Grzhimailo,
1899, differing by a somewhat darker wing underside ground colour so
that the light veinsis look more distinct, is distributed in the
Prilenskoe Plateau and East Siberia, the same subspecies was found in
N Zauralye and W Chukotka. In the mountains of S Siberia ssp. glacialis
A.Bang-Haas, 1912 ranges, easily recognizable by a narrow whitish
border on the wing upperside and large black ocelli on the wing underside.
SYSTEMATICAL NOTES: There are two names that are older than albovenosa,
the use of which we find impossible: dohrni Zeller, 1850 (the original
description was based on a single specimen of an unknown provenance,
which was missed as long ago as the last century) and nervosa
Motschulskyi, 1866 (the description referred to Japan, which is devoid
from any representatives of Tryphisa). The diagnoses by Zeller and
Motschulskyi do not coincide in details, the latter resembles that of T.
glacialis Bang-Haas, described from "Arasagun-Gol" (that is not far from
Lake Hubsugul). Besides, the taxon biocelata Staudinger, 1901 has been
described from China, which seems to be a subspecies of T. albovenosa or
even a distinct species.
GENUS COENONYMPHA Hubner, [1819].
Type species: Papilio geticus Esper, [1793].
F.w.l. of our species: 13-20 mm. Three veins are swallen at fore wing
base. Wing upperside varies in colour from pale-ochre to dark-brown;
hind wing underside lacks contrasted veins or marbled pattern.
Larvae green with light lengthwise streaks, little
mobile. Pupae green and smooth. Imagines actively visit flowering
plants.
A Holarctic genus with about 20 species.
235. Coenonympha tullia (Muller, 1764)
(= tiphon Rottemburg, 1775).
TYPE LOCALITY: Denmark: the island Zealand.
RANGE: The temperate Eurasia northwards locally to the southern
tundras and southwards to the mountains of S Siberia and
Mongolia; N America.
HABITAT: in the North: floodland meadows, open stands in larch forests;
in Kamchatka - the stone birch (Betula ermanii) woods. In the southern
range this is a local species, on lowlands it is connected with "bory"
[pine woods], damp peat meadows, raised bogs. In the mountains of South
Siberia it occurs on short-forb highland meadows and tundras at
altitudes of 1500-1900 m.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/middle August, depending on the
locality.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Poaceae, such as Festuca, Avena, Poa,
Puccinellia, Stipa, etc., and Cyperaceae: Carex, Eriophorum,
Rhynchosporum. Eggs: globular with a truncated apex, yellowish with
brownish spots, 30 longitudinal ribs and fine reticulate sculpture.
Young larva: green with three lengthwise yellowish streaks on either
side. After hibernation it becomes light-green with tiny yellowish
warts, a dark back stripe narrowly bordered with white-yellow margin,
and two yellowish lengthwise lines on either side, the space between
them being dark-green; end of body pinkish-red, head green, conical; the
mouth yellow. Pupa: green, dorsally whitish, with four light lengthwise
lines; there is two or three pairs of dark strokes on head, thorax, and
wing cases; it can be found in the beginning of the summer on grass
stems and bush branches.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 13-19 mm. Wing upperside varies from
pale-ochre to ochre-brown colour; hind wing underside has 1-2 white
spots irregular in shape, discal area not darker than postdiscal one,
metallic ("lead") marginal line absent.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Butterflies from the southern Ural and West-
Siberian Lowland by brownish-ochre ground colour of wing upperside,
reduction of ocelli and white spots on hind wing underside approach to
ssp. timanica Sedykh, 1977, described from N Preduralye [the western
Ural piedmonts]. Polar Ural and the southern Yamal are inhabited by ssp.
suecica Hemming, 1936 (= fridolini Kusnezov in Davenport, 1941; =
minimus Sedykh, 1977), differing from the more southern subspecies by a
less size, greyish upperside, and absence of ocelli on hind wing
underside. The northern Central and East Siberia and the Far East are
occupied by ssp. viluensis Menetries, 1859, differing from suecica by
ochre-fulvous colour substantially excluding the greyish one on wing
upperside. Similar butterflies from Kamchatka are known under the name
mixturata Alpheraky, 1897. In the mountains of Bureya, Zabaikalye,
Pribaikalye, Tuva, E Sayan, Pribaikalye there occurs ssp. subcaeca Heyne
in Ruhl, 1894 (?= sibirica Davenport, 1941; with type locality: Amur),
differing from ssp. viluensis by on average smaller white postdiscal
pots and presence of small ocelli on the hind wing underside. In the
butterflies from the Altai Mts, known as ssp. elwesi Davenport, 1941,
these ocelli are always well developed.
236. Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788)
(= amynthas Poda, 1761; iphis Denis et Shiffermuller, 1775).
TYPE LOCALITY: S Germany.
RANGE: The temperate Eurasia, in Siberia northwards to the middle
taiga zone.
HABITAT: meadow patches in forests, pine woods, birch
groves, meadows on mountain slopes and at the banks of water bodies,
bogs, in the Far East - open larch woods; in the mountains rises to the
level of 1800 m above sea level. The imagines were observed feeding on
the flowers of Fabaceae, Asteraceae, etc.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July, depending on the locality.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Melica nutans, Brachypodium, Poa, and
other Poaceae. Eggs: pale-orange, globular, with reticulate sculpture.
Mature larva was found in Middle Ural on Poa pratensis. It was green
with vague yellowish thin lengthvice streaks, a dark-green dorsal line,
set with sparse hairs; anal spines yellowish. From other regions it is
described as: up to 24 mm in length, dark- or mate-green, set with
sparse long hairs, with a dark line along back and a light, usually
yellow, one on either side; head yellow- or blueish-green; spiracles
yellow-red, anal spinules reddish or yellow. The larva hibernates. Pupa:
greenwith a dark line along upper side of abdomen, sometimes with dark
rims of wing cases, thorax back bears a conspicuous knob. The pupa is
suspended on grass stems, found in June, its stage lasts for 10-12 days.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: 14-18 mm. Wing upperside varies from ochre-
brown to dark-brown; on hind wing underside there is a row of ocelli at
outer margin, which is bordered by a metallic (lead) line, and 1-2 white
irregular spots proximally of it.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. glycerion ranges eastward to the West ALtai
Mts; in the Upper Ob' River Basin, Central Altai and further east ssp.
iphiclis Staudinger, 1892, is known, differing by a presence of more or
less noticeable ochre-coloured rings on the hind wing upperside and
enlarged ocelli on the hind wing underside, which have ochre-coloured
rims (in ssp. glycerion they are yellowish).
237. Coenonympha amaryllis (Stoll, 1782).
TYPE LOCALITY: "S Siberia".
RANGE: S Ural, the steppen and forest-steppen areas of S and E Siberia
north-east to the Kolyma River basin, Upper and Middle Priamurye, SW
Primorye, Mongolia, Central and NE China. A local species.
HABITAT: lowland and montane steppes, steppefied meadow patches on river
terraces and montane slopes, in the northern E Siberia and Priamurye,
besides, peat moss larch forests, raised bogs, openings and cuttings in
dry forests.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July, depending on the locality.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: according to observations by V.V. Dubatolov in SE
Zabaikalye: Larva: green or greyish-green with a wide whitish dorsal
band and two dark, white rimmed beneath, streaks along either side, the
lower being wider and more distinct.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 14-18 mm. Wing upperside ochre-
coloured; there are six ocelli on hind wing underside and 4-5 ones on
fore wing underside; outer margin ordered with a metallic (lead) line.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural and the southern Siberia east to
Pribaikalye is inhabited by ssp. amaryllis; Yakutia, Magadan Province,
Zabaikalye and the Upper Priamurye - by ssp. rinda Menetries, 1859,
differing by a somewhat paler wing upperside ground colour and smaller
ocelli on the hind wing underside. The butterflies from S Primorye
probably belong to the Chineese/Korean subspecies accrescens Staudinger,
1901.
238. Coenonympha hero (Linnaeus, 1761).
TYPE LOCALITY: South Sweden.
RANGE: The temperate Eurasia northwards to the middle taiga zone;
the Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan.
HABITAT: damp forest and forest-steppe meadows, wood edges, river and
brook valleys, grass bogs, in the mountains rises to the tree-line. The
imagines often sit on large leaves or the wet ground on pathways.
Imaginal feeding was observed on Geranium sylvaticum, Ranunculus etc.
FLIGHT PERIOD: June, locally until the middle of July.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe. Foodplants: various Poaceae, such
as Poa, Calamagrostis, Elymus, Hordeum, and also Carex (Cyperaceae).
Eggs: blueish- or brownish-green, sphaerical, slightly ribbed; laid
singly on the foodplant leaves. Young larva: yellowish-green, with two
light streaks along either side; the anal spinules are whitish. It keeps
at the foodplant base and feeds at daytime. Mature larva: green,
sometimes with whitish-rose tint on the back, with eight lengthvise
yellowish lines, the spiracular line being derk bordered. Pupa: light-
green with knobs and small dark spots; on wing cases veins are
conspicuous; sides of abdomen with two rows of white dots.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 14-18 mm. Wing upperside brown,
on hind wing there are 2-6 ochre-orange rings; hind wing
underside has a contiguous white band internally of a row of ocelli.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. hero is known from Ural and Zauralye. Ssp.
perseis Lederer,1853, stated from W Altai, ranges from the Upper Ob'
Basin ane eastwards; it differs with a larger size, a widened wjhite
postdiscal band on the hind wing underside, and a presence of 1-3
fulvous rings on the fore wing upperside in females. Ssp. neoperseis
Fruhstorfer, 1908 (= pilwonis Matsumura, 1925; = latefasciata Matsumura,
1925; = kunas Bryk, 1942) is reported for the Sakhalin and South
Kuriles, it has the most widened white postdiscal band on the hind wing
underside.
239. Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761).
TYPE LOCALITY: South Sweden.
RANGE: Europe (except for the North), Anterior Asia, Middle and
South Ural and the adjacent areas of Zauralye.
HABITAT: wood edges, clearings, glades, in the steppen zone - river
floodlands.
FLIGHT PERIOD: June/middle July, in S Ural the second brood
has been recorded in August
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe. Foodplants: Melica
nutans, Poa, Bromus, Festuca, and other Poaceae. Eggs: globular,
greenish-yellow; laid singly on the foodplant leaves. Larva: up to 30 mm
in length, without hairs, green, with a dark-green, yellow-white rimmed,
line along back, a pair of light lines laterally of it, a yellowish
stripe on either side, and a similar stripe just above legs and ventral
prolegs; head dark or yellowish-green, mouth and body ends red. The
larva hibernates. Pupa: stout, green of brown, wing cases whitish, with
two reddish-brown lengthwise streaks; it is suspended on the foodplant
stem.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 16-19 mm. Fore wing upperside ochre-
orange with a wide brown marginal band; hind wing upperside brown; hind
wing underside has a contiguous white band internally of a row of
ocelli.
240. Coenonympha leander (Esper, 1784).
TYPE LOCALITY: Povolzhye [the Volga Basin].
RANGE: The south of Central and East Europe, Anterior Asia, South
Ural, including the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan Provinces.
HABITAT: steppefied slopes, long fallow lands, steppen pastures,
ravines.
FLIGHT PERIOD: mainly in June.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Poaceae. such as Festuca, Poa, etc.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 16-18 mm. In females fore wing
upperside ochre-orange, that of hind wing greyish with an ochre streak
along the outer margin; in males wing upperside brown, hind wing with an
ochre spot at anal angle; hind wing underside without white spots,
submarginal row of six ocelli forms an even arch.
241. Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758).
TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden.
RANGE: Europe, N Africa, Anterior and Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Middle
and South Ural, the southern West and Central Siberia northwards to the
southern taiga zone, the Altai and Sayans.
HABITAT: Meadows of various types, fallow lands, pastures, waste lands
at settlements.
FLIGHT PERIOD: in the steppen zone in two broods in May and July/August;
in the forest zone there is usually only a single brood in June.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Poaceae: Poa, Anthoxanthum, Cynosurus,
Dactylis, Festuca, Nardus. Eggs: green, later become ochre, barrel-
shaped, with 50 thin ribs and reticulate sculpture. Larva: naked, green,
or green-grey, with a double white line along back and two yellow or a
yellow and a red lines along either side; head and ventral side of body
yellow-green; body ends reddish-brown. The larva feeds usually at night,
it hibernates. Pupa: short, stout, green or brownish, with dark
lengthwise streaks on wing cases and a conspicuous projection on thorax
back; suspended on a grass stem.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 14-16 mm. Wing upperside ochre-
coloured, in males with a dark margin; hind wing underside is greyish
with an irregularly-shaped white spot and without ocelli and a lead
streak along margin; discal area is noticeably darker than postdiscal
one; the only ocellus on wing underside is situated at fore wing apex.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural and SIberia are nhabited by ssp. pamphilus
(= asiaemontimum Verity, 1926, described from Altai).
242. Coenonympha oedippus (Fabricius, 1787).
TYPE LOCALITY: "S Russia".
RANGE: The south of the forest zone and the forest-steppe zone of
Eurasia, the mountains of S Siberia and Mongolia. A local species.
HABITAT: meadows, usually in brook and river valleys; in the mountains
goes up to the tree-line. The imagines feed mostly on Lathyrus and other
Fabaceae, sometimes they congregate on wet ground.
FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/early August, depending on the locality.
PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Central Europe. Foodplantsd: Lolium, Poa
palustris (Poaceae), Carex (Cyperaceae), Iris pseudacorus (Iridaceae)
are known. Eggs: green, laid singly on the foodplant leaves. Larva: up
to 20 mm in length, it is green with a lighter streak along spiracles
and a dark one along back; ventral prolegs light-olive-green. After
hibernation larva becomes brown, while the streaks become light-yellow.
Pupa: yellowish-green, light-olive-green, or pale-brown, with dark and
yellowish dots on ventral side and abdomen; wing cases yellowish, white-
rimmed, with distinct veins, head bears a pair of yellowish or brownish
prominences.
PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 17-21 mm. Wing upperside evenly dark-
brown; hind wing underside has a row of ocelli varying in size and a
distinct lead marginal line, without white spots proximally of
yellowish-rimmed ocelli.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. oedippus reaches Pribaikalye in the east.
Butterflies from Primorye and Priamurye differ by an on average darker
wing underside ground colour and larger ocelli, they werte described as
ssp. amurensis Heyne in Ruhl, 1895. A form with ocelli on fore wng
underside is known from many regions.
WARNING! Further goes an old (1994) version
of the text, not fully corresponded to the published
Russian version. Even the systematics of complicated
grous may be different
TRIBUS MANIOLINI
GENUS MANIOLA Schrank, 1801.
T.s.: Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758.
A nomotypical genus.
234. Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758).
T.l.: "Africa, Europe".
Europe, N. Africa, the West Asia north-east to SW. Altai (the
villages Malokrasnoyarka and Katon-Karagay, within the territory
of Kazakhstan). In the Asian Russia the species is known from
South and Middle Ural, including the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan
region. Habitat: meadows in piedmont forests and at settlements,
on pastures. Flight: July.
Foodplants: Poa, Milium, and other Poacceae. Eggs: small,
barrel-shaped, ribbed, at first white or yellow, later become
ochre-coloured with large red spots; laid by a female near the
foodplant without attachment to a substrate. Larva: green, dark
green beneath a narrow yellowish-white streak along either side
above the legs, with a dark line along the back; the head and
body are covered with sparse light hairs; on the head there may
be two black ocellate spots; the anal segment is forked. The
larva feeds mostly at night. After hibernation the larva feeds
until late May when it pupates on a strong grass stem or bush
twig. Pupa: suspended, yellowish-green with two rows of brownish
knobs on the abdomen and streaks of the same colour on the wing
cases. Imago: F.w.l.: 23-26 mm. The wing upperside is brown, the
fore wing apically has a black ocellus, which in female is
surrounded by an ochre-orange area occupying a considerable part
of the wing. The hind wing underside is grey-beige coloured, with
2-3 black postdiscal ocelli, in males, and ochre-brown, with a
light postdiscal band, in females.
GENUS HYPONEPHELE Muschamp, 1915.
T.s.: Papilio lycaon Rottemburg, 1775.
The wing upperside is brown, in males with a dark
vedge-shaped sex brand beneath the cell of the fore wing. The
hind wing underside is greyish-brown with an even mottled
pattern, without ocelli. The females differ from mails by
appearing or widening of yellowish areas on the fore wing
upperside.
A Palearctic genus including about 30 species.
235. Hyponephele lycaon (Kuhn, 1774).
T.l.: Berlin.
The forest-steppe zone and the south of the forest zone from
West Europe and Asia Minor to Zabaikalye and Mongolia, the
adjacent mountains. Habitat: forest and forest-steppe meadows,
rocky steppes of southern slopes up to 1700 m above sea level.
Flight: middle June/August, depending on the locality.
Foodplants: Poa and other Poaceae. Eggs: barrel-shaped,
ribbed with a fine retculate sculpture, white, later acquire a
rose tint; laid singly on the foodplant. The larvae hatch after
about four weeks; they are active at night, in daytime they hide
in various shelters; hibernate at the 2nd or 3rd instar. Mature
larva: green with a white stripe, containing a thin medial dark
line, on the back, and a reddish streak, bordered with yellow rim
beneath, along the spiracles; the head is green with large yellow
spots and bears two blunt projections; the anal spines are yellow
with red tips, besides, there are small red spinules around the
anal opening. Pupa: reddish-brown with white lengthwise streaks
or greenish with light, usually yellowish, bordering of the wing
cases; it is suspended on grass stems. Imago: F.w.l.: 20-24 mm.
The wing upperside in males is brown, with an apical ocellus and
a narrow sex-brand with difuse borders on the fore wing, the wing
upperside in females is brown with two ocelli surrounded by
yellow spots, most frequently fused with each other. The
underside of the fore wing is ochre-orange, that of the hind wing
- brownish. Similar species: H. pasimelas, H. lupina.
The subspecies catamelas Staudinger,1886, has been reported
for E. Tuva. and ssp. catalampra Staudinger, 1895 - for
Zabaikalye.
236. Hyponephele pasimelas (Staudinger, 1886)
(= lycaon auct.).
T.l.: the Amur.
E. Zabaikalye, Upper and Middle Priamurye, SW. Primorye, NE.
China. Habitat: steppefied meadows of valley terraces and
southern slopes, on burnt-over aeras; in Zabaikalye is reported
for Tanacetum-dominating steppes of water-shed plains. Flight:
middle June/middle July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 22-24 mm. In males both the wing upperside and
underside are brown, the sex brand is clear-cut, the apical
ocellus on the fore wing underside is ringed with yellow. Similar
species: H. lycaon.
This taxon is known in the luterature as a subspecies of H.
lycaon.
237. Hyponephele lupina (Costa, 1836).
T.l.: Italy.
The Mediterranian, including N. Africa and Anterior Asia, and
the steppe zone of Eurasia eastwards to Pribaikalye (the
settlement Taezhnyy) and Central Asia. Habitat: steppes of
various types on lowlands and piedmonts and replacing fallow
lands. Flight: prolonged, June/August.
Poodplants: Poaceae. Imago: F.w.l.: 21-24 mm. In males the
wing upperside is brown with a contrasted rather broad sex-brand
and an apical ocellus; in female there are two ocelli surrounded
by yellow spots, not fused with each other, in the postdiscal
area of the fore wing; the hind wing underside is grey, that of
the fore wing - ochre-orange. Similar species: H. lycaon.
The south of Ural and West Siberia is inhabited by the
subspecies intermedia Staudinger, 1886.
238. Hyponephele cadusina (Staudinger, 1901)
(= chamyla auct. non Staudinger,1901)
T.l.: North Dzhungarian Alatau: Lepsy.
The North Tien-Shan (the Zailiyskiy Alatau), the Dzhungarian
Alatau, the eastern Kazakhskiy Melkosopochnik [The Kazakh
Hill-Land], the Saur Mts., West, South and Mongolian Altai; found
out in Central Altai on steppefied rocky slopes at the confluence
of the Chuya and Katun' rivers, where it flew together with
Satyrus ferula and other steppen species. Flight: middle
June/late July.
The specimens from Central Altai are described below as a new
subspecies.
Hyponephele cadusina katunica Korshunov, sbsp.n.
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The fore wing upperside has
a brown basal part and a brown outer border and a brownish-yellow
central area which is cut through by dark veins and contains two
ocelli, the upper of which contains a pupil while the lower is
blind; the sex-brand is dark; the hind wing upperside is brown
with the traces of dark submarginal lunules along the outer
margin; the fore wing underside is ochre-yellow with a greyish-
brown marginal band and a large contrasted apical ocellus; the
hind wing underside is marbled brownish- black.
In males other from the holotype the upper ocellus on the
fore wing upperside sometimes has no pupil, and a dot-like third
ocellus may be present.
MATERIALS: the holtype - Central Altai, the village Inya
surroundings, a steppefied bank slope of the Katun' river near
its junction with the Chuya river, 1st July 1974 (Yu.P. Korshunov
leg.); paratypes - three males - the same locality and date.
The holotype is kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
TRIBUS EREBINI
GENUS PROTEREBIA Roos et Arnscheid, 1980.
T.s.: Papilio phegea Borkhausen, 1788.
A monotypical West-Palearctic genus.
239. Proterebia afra (Fabricius, 1787)
(= phegea Borkhausen, 1788).
T.l.: "S. Rossia".
The south of Central and East Europe, Anterior Asia, South
Ural, the south of West Siberia to the piedmonts of Altai,
Central Asia, Kazakhstan. A local species. Habitat: the patches
of typical lowland steppes at bogged up relief depressions,
gentle bushy slopes, ravines, long fallow land. These butterflies
have a swift flight and rarely rest on the ground. In the
Orenburg region the imagines appear in the middle April, together
with Triphysa phryne, and finish flying in the middle of May, in
more eastern regions the species flies in May..
Imago: F.w.l.: 19-22 mm. The wing upperside and underside are
dark-brown with black postdiscal ocelli; the hind wing
underside is brown with distinct light veins and eight black
ocelli, without bands.
The subspecies bardines Fruhstorfer, 1918 has been described
from Altai.
GENUS BOEBERIA Prout, 1901.
T.l.: Papilio parmenio Bober, 1809.
A monotypical North-Asiatic genus.
240. Boeberia parmenio (Bober, 1809).
T.l.: Pribaikalye.
The mountains of S. Siberia, Upper Priamurye, the Prilenskoe
Plateau, E. Yakutiya (the town Verkhoyansk), Mongolia, N. China.
Habitat: steppes of various types, steppefied meadows, dry open
larch woods; in the mountains rises up to 2000 m above sea level
(Tuva). The imagines fly low over the ground, their flight is
slow and wawy. Flight: Jun or July, depending on the locality.
Foodplants: Poaceae. Imago: F.w.l.: 20-29 mm. The males are
substantially larger than females. The wing upperside is
dark-brown with ocelli; on the hind wing underside there are five
light-ringed ocelli, contrasted light veins, and a dark discal
band.
GENUS ATERCOLORATUS O.Bang-Haas, 1938
T.s.: Coenonympha alini O.Bang-Haas, 1937.
Atercoloratus alini (O.Bang-Haas, 1937)
(= Erebia nikitini Mori at Cho, 1938).
T.l.: NE. China.
NE. China; a probable species for the Khanka Lowland
(surrounding Lake Hanka). Habitat: open grass biotopes.
Imago: F.w.l.: 22-23 mm. The wings are dark-brown with small
white round postdiscal spots circled with black rims: two
ones, at the apex, on the fore wing upperside, usualy four - on
the fore wing underside, six - on both sides of hind wings; the
veins on the hind wing upperside are distinctly darker than the
ground colour.
GENUS EREBIA Dalman, 1816.
T.l.: Papilio ligea Linnaeus, 1758.
F.w.l.: 14-28 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown; its pattern
consists of a lighter, brownish-red or ochre-coloured,
postdiscal area or separate postdiscal spots, usually
embracing the ocelli.
The preimaginal stages of many species still remain unklnown, a
number of studied species are biennial. The pupae lie freely on
the ground.
A Holarctic genus including about 80 species the majority of
which are confined to mountain regions of the temperate zone..
241. Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758).
T.l.: Sweden.
The forest zone of Eurasia, except for the continental areas
on North Siberia, the adjacent mountain systems, the soutern
Yamal Peninsula, the Sakhalin, Japan (Honshu). Habitat: meadows,
roads, glades in coniferous or mixed, mostly damp, forests, in
Kamchatka and the southern Yamal - fruticulose tundras (e.g.
heaths with Empetrum predominating). Imagines visit mostly the
flowers of Asteraceae. Flight: July/August.
Foodplants: Calamagrostis, Poa, Milium effusum, Deshampsia,
Digitaria, Panicum, and other Poaceae, Carex. A biennial species.
Eggs: barrel-shaped, ribbed, whitish, reddish-yellow, or
greyish-rose, with a blueish-violet apex and, in the central and
lower parts, five ringy rows of light brownish-red spots; later
they become violet-grey; laid singly on dead leaves; the egg
stage lasts for about a fortnight. The larva hibernates first
time within the egg horion. Mature larva: pale yellowish-brown
with a dark, margined with white lines, back streak and two
inconspicuous light lines along either side, set with short
hairs; the spiracles are dark; the head is yellow-grey with two
transversal white strokes. The larva hibernates the second time
at the fourth instar but in some cases pupates before
hibernation. Pupa: pale-brown with black margings; the wing cases
with dark veins; the abdominal segments with dark dots and
streaks. Imago: F.w.l.: 19-25 mm. On the fore wing upperside
there are three or four rather large ocelli within a common ochre
or red postdiscal area and, in males, a sex-brand which can be
seen well against the light; the fringe is chequered; on the hind
wing underside there is a white stripe or spot at the costal
margin, and three or four ocelli. Similar species: E. euryale, E.
kosterini, E. jeniseiensis.
Subspecies: kamensis Krulikovsky, 1909: Ural and W. Siberia;
dovrensis Strand, 1902: Polar Ural and the Yamal Peninsula;
altaica Goltz, 1930: Altai; ajanensis Menetries, 1857: the Ochot
coast, Kamchatka; arsenjevi Kurenzov, 1950: the Sikhote-Alin';
sachalinensis Matsumura, 1919: the Sakhalin, Priamurye (?).
242. Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805).
T.l.: the Alps: Riesengebirge.
West, Middle, and North Europe, the montane and piedmont
regions of Ural north of the Yaman-Tu mountain (South Ural), the
northern and middle Zauralye [Transuralia]. Habitat: a mass
species of damp montane coniferus forests, in the conditions of
forest-tundra inhabits valley meadows. In a hot weather the
imagines often swarm on wet ground. Flight: from late June, in
Middle Ural, and middle July, in Polar Ural, until middle August.
Foodplants: Digitaria, Milium effusum, Festuca are known.
Eggs: whitish with 15 ribs, flattened at the base and slightly
tapering to the apex. Larva: pale-yellowish-brown with a dark
stripe on a lighter back, laterally of it there is a pair of
yellowish lines, another yellowish line, which is interrupted,
darker and more distinct, goes along either side; the head is
greyish-yellow or pale-brown with two yellowish strokes; the
spiracles are black; the ventral side is brown-grey. A biennial
species. Pupa: yellowish with dark dots and strokes, lies freely
among the grass. Imago: F.w.l.: 18-24 mm. Resembles E. ligea, but
is smaller; on the fore wing upperside there are 2-3 small black
dots within a common brownish-red postdiscal area or on
separate spots of this colour, no sex brand is seen in males; the
hind wing is almost evenly coloured, without ocelli, in females
usually with a lightened postdiscal area. Similar species: E.
ligea, E. jeniseiensis.
The north of European Russia and Ural is inhabited by the
subspecies arctica Poppius, 1906 (=boreomontana Sedykh, 1977).
243. Erebia jeniseiensis (Trybom, 1877).
T.l.: Krasnoyarsk.
Polar Ural (the town Vorkuta, the station Polyarnyy Ural),
Middle and East Siberia eastwards to the Magadan region (the Koni
Peninsula), the mountains of South Siberia, Mongolia. In the
North this species is local. Habitat: forest meadows, dwarf birch
thickets, open larch woods in the North; open forests, wood
edges, in the mountains - subalpine and alpine meadows, the
species being most abundant under the canopy of the Siberian
stone pine, fir, or larch forests close to the tree-limit.
Flight: early (anout 5th) June/August, depending on the locality.
Foodplants: Poaceae. Imago: F.w.l.: 19-23 mm. In the
postdiscal area of the fore wing upperside there are three or
four rather large ocelli in separate brownish-red spots; in males
the sex-brand is absent; on the hind wing underside there is a
grey band or spot at the costal margin, and several
well-expressed ocelli. Similar species: E. ligea, E. euriale.
The taxon fasciola Warren, 1931, has been described from
Altai (the settlement Kuray surroundings).
244. Erebia kosterini P.Gorbunov et Korshunov, sp. n.
The species is stated by three males and three females
collected on the Koni Peninsula (the Magadan regions) on valley
meadows with bushes of the bush alder (Dusheckia fruticosa) and
the dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) at the Khindzha and Burgauli
rivers. Flight: the second half of July.
HOLOTYPE: a male: F.w.l.: 21.5 mm. The wing upperside is
brown with a wide (3-4 mm) ochre-fulvous postdiscal band
containing blind ocelli. On the fore wing there are the following
ocelli, counting from the top: a double dark spot, a dark dot,
and a round black spot; the sex brand is not seen. On the hind
wing there are four ocelli, approximately twice as small as those
on the fore wing. The fore wing underside is brown with the band
and ocelli similar to those on the upperside, but the dot is
hardly noticeable; on the hind wing underside there are fore
ocelli cricled with ochre rings, the third of them (counting from
the upper) is noticeably shifted to the outer margin, and an
inconspicuous whitish band proximally of them. The fringe is
chequered. In the genitalia the valva is narrow (the ratio of its
maximal width to the length being 1:5), slightly and gradually
tapering to the apex; a half of its dorsal edge bears teeth of
various types (Table ...). In a similar species E. ligea the
valva is sharply (two- or three-fold) narrowed at the apex
forming a finger-like projection. (Table...)). A similar
structure of the male genitalia is found in an American species
E. vilderi Elwes, 1898, which, however, differs well by external
characters, namely, by the absence of the black postdiscal
ocelli on the hind wings.
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The colouration and
pattern are similar to those of the male but almost all ocelli
contain white pupils and the white band on the hind wing
underside is wider and more contrasted.
MATERIALS: the holotype - the Magadan region, the Koni
Peninsula, the lower reaches of the Khindzha river, a herbaceous
meadow on the lower terrace, 20th July 1989 (O.E.Kosterin leg.),
the allotype - the same locality and date; the paratypes: 2 males
2 females - the same locality and date.
Etymology: the species is named by the surname of O.E.
Kosterin who collected the type series.
The holotype is kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).
245. Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777).
T.l.: Germany.
The temperate Eurasia eastwards to Zabaikalye (The
Sokhondinskiy nature reserve) and no further northwards than
the south taiga. Habitat: meadows and edges in various type
forest, in S. Siberia - until the altitude of 1700 m. Flight:
late June/August.
Foodplants: Poa annua, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis, and
other Poaceae. Eggs: oval-shaped with slight ribs and a fine
transversal wrinkling; at first pale-yellowish-grey with 50 brown
specks, later become violet-grey. Larva: yellowish-grey with a
dark back stripe and an interrupted dark-brown line on either
side, set with dense fine hairs; the anal spinules are very
short. The larva lives openly but feeds only at night; hibernates
and pupates in May or June. Pupa: brownish-fulvous with lighter
wing cases, with a dark line along the back, a dark-brown head,
and a thin and obtuse cremaster; is found in a loose silken
shelter on the ground. Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. On the fore wing
upperside there are three or four rather large ocelli within a
common brownish-red postdiscal area and, in males, a dark
sex-brand; the fringe is evenly brown; on the hind wing underside
there are two grey bands.
246. Erebia neriene (Boeber, 1809) (= sedakovi Eversmann, 1847).
T.l.: Pribaikalye.
The mountains of S. Siberia, Priamurye, Primorye, Mongolia,
NE. China, Korea. A local species. Habitat: montane coniferous
and mixed forests, steppefied south-exposed slopes, valley,
forest, and highland meadows up to 1600 m altitude. Flight:
July/August, depending on the locality; in the intermopntane
hollows of Zabaikalye the flight starts in June.
Foodplants: Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratense, Festuca
rubra, Calamagrostis canadensis, Molinia, and other Poaceae, and
also Carex sp. The larva hibernates at early instars. Pupa:
brown. Imago: F.w.l.: 21-24 mm. On the fore wing upperside there
are three or four rather large ocelli within a common
brownish-red or yellow postdiscal area and, in males, a dark
sex-brand; the hind wing underside is brown with two grey bands
and 3-4 blueish dots in the postdiscal area.
The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the mountains of South
Siberia; the subspecies alcmenides Sheljuzhko, 1919, is known for
Primorye and Priamurye; the taxon sajanensis Warren, 1931, has
been described from the mountains at Munku-Sardyk (the East
Sayan); the taxon septentrionalis Goltz, 1937 - from Kamchatka
(no collections E. neriene has been reported from there in recent
times).
247. Erebia niphonica (Janson, 1877).
T.l.: Japan.
The Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan. Habitat: forest and
highland meadows, bush thickets, including those of the Siberian
dwarf pine. Flight: middle July/late August.
Foodplants: Carex, Calamagrostis. Eggs: at first
yellowish-white, later become brown; laid singly on dead leaves,
stems, or other substrate. The young larva feeds at daytime, the
mature one - usually at night, hiding under leaf fall or stones
at daytime. Matura larva: set with short hairs, reddish-brown
with a light dark-bordered stripe along the back, on either side
there is a dark line and, beneath it at the spiracles, a yellow
one. Pupa: brown, lies freely among dead leaves at a foodplant
base. The hind wing upperside with 3-4 ocelli but without a
lighter area around them; the hind wing underside is brown with
two grey bands and 3-4 blueish dots in the postdiscal area.
The subspecies doii Nakahara, 1926, has beed described from
the Kunashir; the ssp. scoparia Butler, 1881, has been reported
for the Sakhalin.
248. Erebia rossi Curtis in Ross, 1834.
T.l.: Canada: the Franklin island.
The polar regions of Eurasia from the Pechora river to
Chukotka, the mountain regions of the temperate Asia southwards
to Mongolia and N. Korea; North America. In the southern regions
this species is local but can be found in large numbers. Habitat:
various montane and lowland tundras, open larch woods, raised
bogs, valley meadows and pebble banks in the North, and rocky
tundras at 2200-2800 m altitudes in the mountains of S. Siberia.
Flight: middle June/August, depending on the locality.
Foodplants: Carex rariflora, C. atrofusca are known. Imago:
F.w.l.: 20-26 mm. A large double ocellus with fulvous bordering
is conspicuous at the fore wing apex, other ocelli on both wings
are much smaller and are situated closer to the outer margin.
Similar species: E. disa, E. embla.
The subspecies ero Bremer, 1861 ranges in the most part of
Siberia; the following taxa has been also described: erda
Sheljuzhko, 1924 from the E. Sayan, and dzhelindae Sheljuzhko,
1924 from the Dzhugdzhur mountain range. The butterflies of
Chukotka are close to the Canadian subspecies ornata Leussler,
1935.
Etymology: James Clark Ross (1800-1862) - an English polar
explorer.
249. Erebia embla (Becklin in Thunberg, 1791).
T.l.: Sweden: Vesterbotten.
The tundra, forest-tundra, and northern forest zones of
Eurasia, the adjacent mountain countries southwards to Mongolia
and N. Korea; the North Sakhalin. Habitat: bogged up and open
pine and larch forests, peat-moss bogs. Flight: June, in the
North and highlands - until middle July.
Foodplants: Deshampsia and Carex are known. Eggs:
thimble-shaped, ribbed, at first light-yellow, later acquire
reddish-brown specks; laid singly on the foodplant. The first
instar larva: cream-white with a brown stripe along the back and
three narrower lines along either side. Each segment bears 8-10
black warts bearing one black hetum each; the head is
ochre-coloured, with brown specks and hairs. Larva:
ochre-coloured with a wide greenish-brown stripe along the back
and a brown line going along either side; set with sparse brown
hairs. Hibernation occurs at the larval or pupal stage. Imago:
F.w.l.: 21-25 mm. On the fore wing upperside there are a double
ocellus at the apex and two ocelli of the similar size beneath
the former; the hind wing upperside with 4-5 similar ocelli.
Similar species: E. rossi, E. disa.
The nominotypical subspecies ranges westwards to E. Siberia;
the subspecies dissimulata Warren, 1931, is distributed in the
mountains of S. Siberia; the subspecies succulenta Alpheraky,
1897, has been described from Kamchatka, ssp. septentrionalis
Esaki et Hori, 1937 - from the northern Sakhalin..
250. Erebia disa (Becklin in Thunberg, 1791).
T.l.: Lapland.
The polar regions of Eurasia, the mountain regions of Asia
southwards to the mountains of S. Siberia (not found in
Kamchatka); N. Amercia. In the southern regions this species is
local. Habitat: various montane and lowland tundras, open larch
woods, and raised bogs in the North, and mostly bogged up areas in
the highlands
in the southern range. Flight: middle June/August, depending on
the locality.
Foodplants: Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Eggs: as in E. embla.
Larva, according to the description from Lapland: ochre-yellow or
greenish with a lighter back with contrasted dark line along,
wide light lateral stripes and obscure dark lines along the
spiracles and above the prolegs;teh ehad is yellow. Pupa: pale-
brown, lies freely on the ground. Imago: F.w.l.: 19-25 mm. On the
fore wing upperside, except for the large double ocellus at the
apex, there are two or three ocelli beneath the former; their
ochre bordering being usually fused into a common light area; the
hind wing upperside without ocelli. Similar species: E. rossi, E.
embla.
The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the North,
penetrating eastwards to E. Siberia; the subspecies streckeri
Holland, 1930 is known fgrom Chukotka, the subspecies festiva
Warren, 1931 occupies the mountains of S. Siberia.
252. Erebia medusa (Schiffermuller et Denis, 1775).
T.l.: Austria.
The forest-steppe and the south of the forest zone from W.
Europe to Central Yakutia, the mountains of S. and E. Siberia (in
West Siberia and ALtai very rarely), Kamchatka (the settlement
Esso), Priamurye, Mongolia. A local species. Habitat: meadow
patches in coniferous forests, pine woods, birch groves,
steppefied meadows on mountain slopes and river terraces. Flight:
mainly in June.
Foodplants: Milium effusum, Digitaria ischaemum, Poa
palustris, Panicum, Setaria, and other Poaceae. Eggs:
barrel-shaped, ribbed, greyish-white with groups of red-brown
dots. Larva: up to 40 mm in length, green or brown with a dark
white-margined stripe along the head, a yellow-green line above
the spiracles, and a whitish one beneath them on either side; the
head is light-green or brown with two black spots. The larva
hibernates twice. Pupa: light-green, later becomes pale-brown
with streaks on the wing cases; placed on the ground in a loose
silken shelter. Imago: F.w.l.: 19-23 mm. On the fore wing
upperside the fulvous rims of two apical ocelli are fused into a
singler spot, other ocelli on the upperside of both wings are
smaller than these two ones; the wing underside is similar to the
upperside.
The subspecies uralensis Staudinger, 1871 ranges in Zauralye;
the subspecies transiens Ruhl in Ruhl et Heyne, 1895 - in the
mountains of S. Siberia and Priamurye. All the butterflies
originated from Yakutia and the Stanovoe Nagorye upland are
usually attributed to taxon E. polaris Staudinger, 1871,
described from Lapland and often considered as a distinct
species. However, these are rather peculiar butterflies and are
described below as a new subspecies. A.I.Kurenzov (1970) has
mentionned also an intriguing "rare rose form from Yakutia, which
has certain differences in the male genitalia structure".
Erebia medusa pseudopolaris P.Gorbunov, ssp. n.
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 20.5 mm. The wing upperside is
dark-brown with a row of black ocelli on ochre spots along the
outer margin, five on the fore wing and three on the hind wing.
Two apical ocelli on the fore wing ae noticeably larger and are
centered by white dots. The rims of ocelli in close subspecies
polaris and uralensis are of darker brick-red colour. The
colouration and pattern of the underside resembles those of the
upperside, but the ocelli are larger and more distinct than in
polaris and uralensis, while a wide dark transversal band on the
hind wing is poorly expressed, is outer margin extends o the line
of ocelli.
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 22.5 mm. The wing colouration and
pattern as i the holoyupe, on the fore wing underside the
admixture of chestnut-coloured scales is more noticeable,
especially in the cell. The outer margin of a wide dark band on
the hind wing underside is more distinct. The marginal lightening
of wings, which is characteristic for the females from Ural, is
absent.
MATERIALS: the holtype - Central Yakutia, the botanical
garden of Yakutsk, a steppefied meadow on the slope of river
terrace, 6th July 1992 (P.Yu. Gorbunov leg.); the allotype - the
same locality and date;; paratypes - 7 males 1 female - the same
locality and date (P.Yu. Gorbunov leg.); 2 males 1 female - the
Irkutsk region, the settlement Vasilievsky, 26-28th June 1982
(V.N. Olshvang leg.); the Irkutsk region, the settlement
Lisvyaka, 26ht June1983 (Yu.N. Baranchikov leg.); 1 male -
Kamchatka, Ganal'skaya Tunra, 14th July 1983 (V.N. Olshvang
leg.).
The holotype is kept in the collection of IEPA
(Ekaterinburg).
252. Erebia cyclopia Eversmann, 1844.
T.l.: Irkutsk.
Middle and South Ural, the subzones of middle and southern
taiga on the West-Siberian Lowland (a moderate elevation called
Sibirskie Uvaly, the surroundings of Tobol'sk, and the Tomsk
region), the mountains of South Siberia, Mongolia, the Amur basin
and North Korea. Habitat: openings and glades in coniferous (in
Primorye - mixed) forests, bank slopes, rock outcrops, in Central
Altai - up to 2000 m above sea level. The imagines keep to wood
edges and often sit on wet ground or crumbly rocks at river
banks. Flight: middle June/middle July, in Zabaikalye and
Primorye the flight starts at the end of May.
Foodplants: Poaceae. Imago: F.w.l.: 25-28 mm. At the fore
wing apex there is a very large round black spot with two white
pupils, circled with a wide yellowish ring; the hind wing
underside exhibits two inconspicuous grey bands.
253. Erebia wanga Bremer, 1864.
T.l.: the mountains of Bureya.
The southern Far East, E. China, Korea. Habitat: montane
mixed forests. The imagines usually fly swiftly under the forest
canopy, often high above the ground. Flight: middle May/middle
June.
Foodplant: Diarrhena mandshurica has been mentionned by
A.I.Kurenzov (1970). Imago: F.w.l.: 25-28 mm. At the fore wing
apex there is an oviform black spot, with two white dots in the
centre, circled with a narrow light ring; the hind wing underside
has a white suffusion at the outer margin and a white spot in the
centre, the band is absent.
The taxon tristior Goltz, 1937, described from S. China as a
subspecies of E. wanga and later regarded as a separate species,
has been reported for Primorye by A.I.Kurenzov (1970), who based
his identification on slight differences in wing venation,
pattern, and details of the male genitalia; however, even the
figures in the cited book are not convincing. This taxon is
absent in the available collections from Primorye; the
photographs No 15 and 17 on Plate 4 in a catalogue by Kogure and
Iwamoto (1992) depict the butterflies from Primorye which, to
our opinion, should be attributed to E. wanga. (By wing
colouration E. tristior is characterized by the absence of a
light margin of the apical ocellus on the fore wing and of a
white suffision at the outer margin on the hind wing underside).
254. Erebia edda Menetries, 1851.
T.l.: Priokhotye: the lower reaches of the Uda river: "Udskoi
Ostrog".
The sublopar Preduralye [Ural piedmonts] (the Synyaya river),
the Sos'vinskoe Priobye (the Malaya Sos'va nature reserve), the
subzones of the middle and southern taiga estwards of the Yenisey,
the adjacent mountain regions southwards to Mongolia, the
Shantarskiye islands. A local species. Habitat: damp, mostly
larch, forests (in the mountains rises to the altitude of 1800
m), rocky tundras in the coastal regions. The imagines mostly fly
under the canopy of open standing trees, their feeding has been
observed on Rhododendron auream. Flight: depending on the
locality, from middle May (Zabaikalye) to middle July (the
Magadan region).
Imago: F.w.l.: 23-26 mm. At the fore wing apex there is an
oval black spot, with two white dots in the centre, surrounded
with a diffuse ochre-orange bordering; a white dot and the traces
of the band are noticeable in the centre of the hind wing
underside.
255. Erebia discoidalis (Kirby, 1837).
T.l.: Arctic America.
The forest-tundra and the north of the forest zone from the
Pechora river to Chukotka, the mountains of E. Siberia, the E.
Sayan (the village Mondy), Pribaikalye (the Khamar-Daban mountain
range), Zabaikalye (the settlement Chara), the Tukuringra
mountain range (the town Tynda), the northern ranges of the
mountains of Bureya, N. America. This species is local and rare
in the western and southern parts of its range. Habitat: larch
woods, mostly with a peat moss ground layer and Rhododendron
aureum and Ledum palustre predominating in the understorey,
raised bogs, damp forest openings, valley meadows, highlands in
the Sayans, Pribaikalye, and Zabaikalye. Flight: in taiga zone
mainly in June, occasionally the imagines can be observed in May,
July or August.
Foodplants: Poa alpina, P. arctica, and P. glauca are known.
Eggs: ellyptic, light-yellow with numerous lingitudinal ribs;
laid on the foodplant base. Hibernation occurs ai the larval or
pupal stage. Imago: F.w.l.: 20-24 mm. The wing upperside is
dark-brown, without ocelli; the most part of the fore wing is
occupied by a vast fulvous-brown area; the hind wing underside is
grey with a dark marble pattern.
The most part of Siberia is inhabited by the subspecies lena
Christoph, 1889; the taxon yablonoica Warren, 1931 has been
described from the Yablonovyy mountain range.
256. superspecies fasciata
F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown without
ocelli and usually with reddish-brown spots in the central area
of wings; the hind wing underside with a grey postdiscal band.
The life history of the Siberian representatives of the group
is unknown, Luzula (Juncaceae) has been reported as the foodplant
of Erebia (fasciata) magdalena Strecker, 1880 in North America.
Eggs: pale-ochre-coloured, ribbed; laid on stones at the
foodplant bunches. Larva: set with dense short hairs, dark-green
with yellow specks, a green stripe along the back, two brown
lengthwise lines on either side, and a transversal green line on
each segment; the head is brown with a pair of small horns. The
larva hibernates. Pupa: mottled, the head and the wing cases are
margined with dark-green streaks, the abdominal segments are
brown with dark dots, a brown streak 2 mm wide goes along the
back; several hooks are either present or absent on the cremaster
(Scott, 1986).
256a. Erebia (fasciata) fasciata Butler, 1866.
T.l.: the Arctic America.
The tundra zone of Asia and N. America, the mountains of
Verkhoyanye, Kamchatka (?)
, the mountains of Bureya (the Ezop
mountain range). Habitat: in the North: fruticulose and other
type tundras, damp relief depressions with the cover of Carex
and/or moss in river valleys and on montane plateaux, raised
bogs, in E.Yakutia the species was rarely seen on rocky brook
valleys with sparse groups of willows (Salix) at the tree-line
and on stony screes at altitudes of 1300-1600 m. The imagines fly
relatively swiftly and rarely rest on stones, in Taymyr they were
observed to visit the flowers of Parrya nudicaulis and Lagotis
minor. Flight: late June/August, in E. Yakutia middle June/middle
July.
Foodplants: Carex and Eriophorum is known. Eggs (according to
obsevations by Yu.P. Gorbunov in Polar Ural): ellyptic, with
numerous inconspicuous ribs, at first white, late become brown.
The firs instar larva is ash-grey, each segment beaing a belt of
10-12 black hairs on brownish warts; the head is light-brown; the
rear segment is light-yellow, not forked; the ventral side and
the prolegs are light-yellow. Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wing
upperside is dark-brown without ocelli; in females the red-brown
spot occupies almost all the fore wing upperside, in males it
occupies the postdiscal region; in northern specimens this
area can be absent; the hind wing underside has a grey
postdiscal band which is partly or entirely reduced in males
and in both sexes in the mountains of E. Siberia and the Far
East.
The subspecies avinoffi Holland, 1930, ranges in Chukotka and
the Wrangel island; the subspecies semo Grum-Grshimailo, 1899 -
further to the west. The taxon sachaensis Dubatolov, 1992, was
described from the Suntar-Khayata and Cherskogo mountain ranges
as a subspecies of E. magdalena Strecker, 1880, to which it was
attributed due to the presence of andraconial scales. However,
the latters were found also in specimens of E. fasciata. The male
genitalia of sachaensis is also of the same type as in E.
fasciata. Similar specimens originating from the tundra of the
Ezop mountain range in the eadwaters of the Pravaya Bureya river
are preserved in the collection of ISEA, Novosibirsk.
256b. Erebia (fasciata) erynnin Staudinger, 1894.
(= sajanensis Korshunov, 1972).
T.l.: the E. Sayan.
The E. Sayan: the Tunkinskie Gol'tsy mountain range, the
Munku-Sardyk massif. A local species. Habitat: rocky montane
tundras up to 2500 m above the sea level. A female has been
observed feeding on the flowers of Rhododendron adamsii, males
usually rest on stones. Flight: July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 23-25 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown, on
the fore wing in males there are two diffuse reddish-brown
elongate spots between the veins, in females there is a large
chestnut-brown area; the hind wing upperside in males is evenly
coloured, in females it bears a chestnut-brown spot in the
centre; the fore wing underside has a large brown spot in the
middle, which is larger in females; the hind wing underside in
males is evenly coloured, in felames it contains traces of the
postdiscal band with two triangular projections at the cell.
Scott (1986) and some other American authors consider E.
magdalena mackinleyensis Gunder, 1932, described from Alaska, as
a synonim to E. erynnin. However, these taxa, in spite of a
superficial similarity, differ well by the shape of the
androconial scales and details of the male genitalia structure.
256c. Erebia (fasciata) ola Korshunov, sp. n.
The species has been stated on the southern spurs of the
Kolymskiy mountain range (the Ola river headwaters and the
surroundings of the settlement Golimyy).
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 25 mm. The wing upperside is evenly
soot-coloured, the underside is of the same colour but on the
fore wing there are groups of reddish scales forming a hardly
detectable diffuse spot; the light scales are scattered over the
hind wing underside. The genitalia differ to some extent from
those of both E. fasciata and E. erynnin (Table....) by the
structure of the uncus, aedeagus and, especially, by the valva
which lacks an incision characteristic for E. erynnin and has
different apical dentation. The androconial scales resemble those
of E. magdalena but nevertheless differ from them to some extent
(Fig...).
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 26 mm. The wing upperside is
black with a brown tint, on the fore wing with reddish elongate
postdiscal strokes between the veins; on the fore wing
underside the corresponding reddish spots are bordered with dark
scales ; the hind wing underside is also mottled due to scattered
light scales, besides, it exhibits conspicuous traces of the
medial band, the outer margin of which is most clearly seen at
its middle.
MATERIALS: the holotype - the Magadan region, the headwaters
of the Ola river, the surroundings of the mountain Nukh, 7th July
1991 (V.V.Palekha leg.); the allotype - the same locality and
date; a paratype: a male - the Omsukchanskiy mountain range, at
the setlement Golimyy, 6th July 1964 (A.V.Tsvetaev leg.).
The holotype and allptype are kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
257. Erebia anyuica Kurenzov, 1966.
T.l.: the Anyuyskiy mountain range.
The tundras of the Kolyma basin: the Anyuyskiy mountain range
(Kurenzov, 1966; 1970), the Omsukchanskiy mountain range in the
vicinity of the peak Aborigen, at the settlement Vetrenyy on the
Ola river (Kogure and Iwamoto, 1992); the Ushkanskiy range in the
Maya river basin. The butterflies were met with at 1400-1700 m
above sea level.
Imago: F.w.l.: 23-25 mm. The wings are evenly black, in
females with a reddish spot in the central part of the fore wing
uppersie. By the male genitalia this species is close to E.
occulta and differs from the taxa of E. (fasciata) group..
258. Erebia occulta Roos et Kimmich, 1983.
(= phellea Philip et Troubridge, 1983).
T.l.: Alaska: the Seward Peninsula.
Alaska, the mountains of East and North-East Siberia,
Pribaikalye, East and South Zabaikalye. A local species. Habitat:
in the Kolyma basin: tundras; in the Suntar-Khayata mountain
range: stony tundras, rocks at brook valleys, valley meadows and
pebble banks at altitudes of 1000-1600 m. Flight: late June/July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 20-24 mm. Both sides of each wing are brown or
dark-brown with a straight postdiscal row of yellow-brown or
pale-brown roundish spots with or without oval black dots; on the
fore wing underside the dots are usulally reduced while the light
spots are fused together into a common area, the hind wing
underside is brownish-black, in males without bands in females
with the traces of the dark discal band, the black
postdiscal dots are partly or entirely reduced. In the male
genitalia the valva is wider than in the similar species E.
dabanensis and E. kozhantshikovi, usually with a well expressed
"foot" bearing large teeth.
The taxon E. anyuica jacutia Dubatolov, 1992, has been
described from the Suntar-Khayata mountain range, the author
regarding the holotype of E. anyuica as a melanist aberration and
E. occulta to be conspecific to E. anyuica. We think that anyuica
is an independent species and the taxon jacutia should be
considered as the subspecies of E. occulta. Another subspecies,
which will be soon described, is found in E. Zabaikalye, which
differ from jacutia by wider fulvous spots on the fore wing.
259. Erebia dabanensis Ershov, 1871
(= tundra Staudinger, 1887).
T.l.: the Khamar-Daban mountain range.
Polar and Subpolar Ural, the Putorana Plateau, the mountains
of East Siberia and the northern Far East; Alaska. A local
species. Habitat: montane tundras of various kinds, subalpine
meadows, open larch woods. The imagines are active in windless
weather, the feeding on the flowers of Oxytropis, Ledum
palustris, Dryas integrifolia was observed in Polar Ural. Flight:
mainly in July.
Foodplants: Poaceae: Festuca. Imago: F.w.l.: 19-24 mm. On the
wing upperside there is an even row of round black dots on brown
spots on in a common postdiscal area; on the fore wing
underside the corresponding dots are larger and are situated in a
common brown postdiscal area; on the hind wing underside a
dark discal band is seen. In the male genitalia the valva is
wider than in E. kozhantshikovi, with a well expressed "foot"
bearing large teeth. Similar species: E. occulta, E.
kozhantshikovi
The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the mountains of S.
Siberia and S. Yakutia; the subspecies troubridgei
Dubatolov,1992 has been described from the Suntar-Khayata
mountain range; the subspecies from Polar Ural is described
below.
Erebia dabanensis olshvangi P.Gorbunov, sbsp. n.
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 20 mm. Both sides of the fore wing
are dark-brown with four separate, diffuse on the underside,
fulvous-brown spots centered with small black dots; both sides of
the hind wing have three such spots; on the hind wing underside
the postdiscal area is to some extent lightened due to greyish
scales; the genitalia are analagous to those of other subspecies.
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The wing upperside is
brown, the underside - greyish-brown; on the hind wing underside
a light-grey postdiscal band is clearly expressed; the
fulvous-brown pattern is similar with that of the holotype.
Generally the new subspecies is very variable. The length of
the fore wing ranges between 17 and 22 mm. In males the fulvous
spots on the upperside of both wings in 5-10 % of individuals are
absent; on the fore wing underside they, however, never disappear
entirely but sometimes (15-20 % of cases) they, oppositely, are
fused into a common band, but its width, as different from E.
dabanensis troubridgei, as a rule does not exceed 2 mm.
MATERIALS: the holotype - Polar Ural, the railway station
Krasnyy Kamen', the mountain Slantsevaya, 300-400 m above sea
level, a montane lichen-fruticulose tundra, 20th July 1992
(P.Yu.Gorbunov leg.); the allotype - the same locality, 10th July
1988 (V.N.Olshvang leg.); paratypes: 7 males 4 females - the same
locality, 10-12th July 1988; a male - the same locality, 5th July
1990; 4 males 3 females - 18-28th July 1992, the same locality.
Etymology: the subspecies is named by the surname of Vladimir
Nikolaevich Olshvang, a researcher at IEPA, an entomologist who
for a long time investigated Polar Ural and collected a part of
the type series of the subspecies described.
The holotype is kept in the collection of IEPA
(Ekaterinburg).
260. Erebia kozhantshikovi Sheljuzhko, 1925.
T.l.: the Dzhugdzhur mountain range: the Dzhilinda river.
The north-east of Middle Siberia (the Olenek river), the
Prilenskoe Plateau, East Siberia, Kamchatka (the settlement
Esso), Chukotka, the eastern and southern Zabaikalye, recently
found on Polar Ural (the station Krasnyy Kamen', V.N.Olshvang
leg.); Alaska. A local species. Habitat: meadow patches at the
tree-line, pebble banks of rivers, open larch woods on lowlands
and on moderate altitudes. Flight: June/middle July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 18-20 mm. On the wing upperside there is a row
of four black dots on brown spots, usually elongate lengthwise .
The hind wing underside is brownish with a darker discal band,
sometimes poorly expressed. In the male genitalia the valva has
no "heel" and is narrower than in the similar species: E.
occulta, E. dabanensis, with or without a "foot" (Table ...).
261. Erebia theano (Tauscher, 1806).
T.l.: N. Altai.
Altai, the Kuznetskiy Alatau Mts., the Sayans, the adjacent
piedmont lowlands of the southern West and Middle Siberia, W.
Mongolia (Uver-Khangai aimak). Habitat: meadows in river valleys
and on slopes within the montane forest and subalpine belts (in
Altai this is the most common species in subalpine meadows),
penetrates into alpine meadows. Flight: early or late June/middle
August.
Imago: F.w.l.: 16-20 mm. The postdiscal band on the
upperside of both wings consists of adjacent wide ochre-yellow or
ochre-orange spots; on the fore wing the band consists of spots
of different size; on the hind wing the first three spots
strongly protrude to the wing base; the colouration of the
underside is similar.
The taxon stubbendorfii Menetries,1846, has been described
from the environs of the town Kansk; the taxon lederi Goltz, 1930
- from Central Altai. Two new subspecies are described below.
Erebia theano tshugunovi Korshunov et Ivonin, ssp. n.
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 18 mm. The wing upperside is
dark-brown; the postdiscal spots and the spot in the cell are
brick-red.The underside is the same as the upperside, but with
agreyish tint, which is more distinct along the wing margin; the
fulvous postdiscal spots on the hind wing consist of four hardly
noticeable dashes, teh fringe is white with dark markings.
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The wing upperside
as in the holotype, while the grey tint on the underside
is much more pronounced; the yellowish postdiscal spots on the
hind wing underside are smaller than on the fore wing (where they
are fulvous) and smaller than in the holotype; the basal spots
on the hind wing are small and hardly noticeable, as in the
holotype.
The specimens of the type series vary in the colour of the
spots and teh intensity of the greyish tint on the wing
underside.
MATERIALS: the holotype: the Novosibirsk region, the Kiternya
river valley, a damp meadow, 21st June 1994 (V.V. Ivonin leg.);
the allotype - the Novosibirsk region, the Bol'shoy Elbash river
valley, a damp meadow, 20th June 1994 (V.V. Ivonin leg.). The
paratypes: 17 males 8 females - the same locality, 20-24th June
1994; 5 males - The Novosibirs region, the village Novoselovo, a
forest opening (V.V. Ionin leg.); 1 male - the Novokuznetsk city
surroundings, the village Torgay, 24th June 1949 (A.E. Shtandel
leg.); the Tomsk region, the village Nizhnie Sokoly a bogged
maedow (G.S> Zolotarenko leg.)
The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
The subspecies is named in the honour of Sergey Mikhaylovich
Chugunov, a doctor of medicine at the Tomsk University, who in
1859-1920 comipled severalannotated lists of Lepidoptera fro
various regions of Siberia.
Erebia theano shoria Korshunov et Ivonin, ssp. n.
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 19 mm. The wing upperside is brown
with postdiscal bands composed of ochre-yellow spots and hardly
noticeable spot in the cell; on the wing underside all the spots
are bright and large, including the spot inthe cell of the fore
wing and the basal spots on the hind wing; the grey suffusion is
well expressed in the basal area. The fringe is greyish,
chequered.
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 19 mm. The wing upperside as in
the holotype, the spot in the cell is well expressed; on the wing
underside all the spots are bright and large; on the hind wing
the basal spots and grey suffusion are well expressed.
The specimens of the type series vary in the size of the
spots, especially of the basal spots of the hid wing underside.
The fringe is brownish i some males.
MATERIALS: the holotype: the Gornaya Shoria mountain area,
the Tuzukhsu river valley in the Tom' river headwaters, 5th July
1969 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); the Gornaya Shoria mountain area,
the Sheregesh settlement environs, the mountain Pustag, 1300
above sea level, 13th July 1992 (V.V. Ivonin leg.). The
paratypes: 21 males - the Tuzukhsu valley, 5th July 1969; 13
males 9 females - the same locality, 28th July 1969; 86 males 28
females - the Askaz river basin, Biringul', 24th June- 27th July
1969 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); 23 males - Khakassia, the Baza river
headwaters, 17 and 24th July 1969 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); 4 males
2 females - the mountain Pustag, 113th July 1992 (V.V.Ivonin
leg.)
The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
262. Erebia pawlowskyi Menetries, 1859
(= theano auct.).
T.l.: "Yakutskaya Province": "Grande Sibagli"
The mountains of E. Siberia (including Pribaikalye) and the
northern Far East, the mountains of Bureya, Alaska. A local
species. Habitat: valley meadows, pebble banks, open larch woods,
montane tundras. Flight: middle July/early August.
The preimaginal stages are studied in North America: Eggs:
cream-white with red-brown spots; laid singly on the leaves of
various grasses (Poaceae, Carex), and also Salix. Larva:
fulvous-brown with a dark-brown line going along the back and
three lengthwise lines of the same colour on either size; the
rear segment of the body bears two small knobs. The larva
hibernates twice. Imago: F.w.l.: 17-19 mm. The postdiscal
row on the upperside of both wings consists of isolated
elongate ochre-orange spots of different sizes; on the hind
wing underside the postdiscal row consists of 6-8 small
ochre-orange spots or dots. In the male genitalia the uncus is
not shorter than the tegunmen; the length of dentate "foot" of
the valva is less than 1/3 of its entire length (Table...)
Similar species: E. theano, E. elwesi, E. brimo.
The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the mountains of
Pribaikalye and Central Yakutia; the subspecies herzi
Christoph,1889 was reported for East Yakutia and the Far East;
the taxon sajana Staudinger, 1891 (the East Sayan) seems to
belong to this species as well.
Etymology: M. Pavlovskiy - a Russian traveller, in the middle
of XIX century collected insects in Yakutia.
263. Erebia brimo (Bober, 1809) (= maurisius Esper, 1803).
T.l.: Lake Baikal.
The mountains of S. Siberia eastwards to Pribaikalye. A
local species. Habitat: highland meadows, dwarf birch tundras,
montane open larch woods. Flight: July/early August.
Imago: F.w.l.: 16-18 mm. The postdiscal band on the
upperside of both wings consists of ochre-orange spots of similar
size; on the hind wing underside the postdiscal band,
consisting of 7-8 ochre-orange spots, has smoothly curved edges;
the spots on the hind wing underside are substantially smaller
than those on the upperside. In the male genitalia the uncus is
shorter than the tegunmen; the length of the dentate "foot" of
the valva is usually greater than 1/3 of its entire length
(Table...) Similar species: E. pawlowskii, E. elwesi, E.
kindermanni.
This species is known under the name maurisius Esper, 1803,
the type locality of the latter being specified as
"Catarinanburg", that could mean Ekaterininsk on the Amur or
Ekaterinburg in Ural, which both are far from the range of the
species considered. For this reason we propose the name
replacement.
It was considered that two forms of this species, a typical
small and a large ones, occur in Altai. The latter should be
named as elwesi Staudinger, 1901, that was reasoned by Warren
(1936) (the name was suggested for a heterogenuous series partly
consisting of the butterflies which had had a priority name
Erebia theano [ssp.?] stubbendorfii Menetries, 1847, that fixes
automatically the name elwesi for "a large form of E.
maurisius"). To our mind this is a good species, which is given
below.
264. Erebia elwesi Staudinger, 1901.
T.l.: Altai.
Central and SE. (Russian) Altai, the mountains of Tuva and
Mongolia (?). A local species. Habitat: mostly highland steppes,
pastures in river valleys and southern slopes, dry larch woods at
altitudes 1600-2600 m. Flight: July/early August.
Imago: F.w.l.: 17-19 mm. The postdiscal band on the
upperside of both wings consists of even ochre-orange spots,
isolated or fused, its internal edge is smoothly curved; on the
hind wing underside the postdiscal band consists of 7-8
ochre-orange spots or strokes which are smaller than on the
upperside. In the male genitalia the uncus is not shorter than
the tegunmen; the length of the dentate "foot" of the valva is
less than 1/3 of its entire length (Table...) Similar species: E.
pawlowskii, E. brimo, E. kindermanni.
The following taxa are probably belong to E. elwesi:
approximata Warren, 1930 (the Korgonskiy mountain range in Altai)
and connexa Warren, 1930 (Tuva).
Etymology: Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. - an English
lepidopterologist (the main works are dated 1879-1906), who
undertook a large journey on the Altai Mountains in 1898.
265. Erebia kindermanni Staudinger, 1881.
T.l.: Altai: the Kurchumskiy mountain range.
A local species endemic for Altai. Habitat: alpine meadows on
highland plateaux and in cirques, meadows at rock outcrops in the
higher part of the forest belt, within altitudes of 1700-2600 m
above sea level. The feeding of imagines was observed on
Tripleurospermum ambiguum, Senecio turczhaninovi, Polygonum
bistorta. Flight: late June/late August, depending on the
locality.
Imago: F.w.l.: 15-17 mm. On the fore wing upperside between
the base and an ochre-orange postdiscal band there is an
ochre-brownish apea cut through by dark veins; on the hind wing
underside there is a postdiscal row of 3-6 more or less
quadrangular spots which may contain black spots. In the male
genitalia the dorsal edge of the valva bears large teeth (Table
....). Similar species: E. brimo, E. elwesi, E. kefersteinii.
The subspecies sarytavica Lukhtanov, 1990, has been described
from W. Altai.
Etymology: Albert Kindermann (1810-1860) collected
Lepidoptera fro many well-known lepidopterologists mostly in the
Caucasus, Asia Minor and South Siberia.
266. Erebia kefersteinii Eversmann, 1851.
T.l.: "E. Siberia".
The mountains of South Siberia and Mongolia, from Altai to
the East Sayan. A local species. Habitat: alpine meadows, montane
tundras with domination of the dwarf birch, Dryas, or grasses,
mostly on south-exposed slopes, at 1900-2400 above sea level. The
imagines actively visit flowering plants, such as Allium and
Rhodiola rosea. Flight: July/early August.
Imago: F.w.l.: 15-17 mm. On the fore wing upperside between
the base and an ochre-orange postdiscal band there is an
ochre-brownish area cut through by dark veins; on the hind wing
underside there are 3-4 black dots surrounded by diffuse roudish
spots. In the male genitalia the dorsal edge of the valva bears
fine teeth (Table ....). Similar species: E. brimo, E.
kindermanni.
The subspecies kholsunica Lukhtanov, 1990, has been described
from W. Altai (the Kholzun mountain range).
Etymology: Adolf Keferstein - a lepidopterologist from
Erfurt, his main publications are dated 1818-1869.
267. Erebia callias Edwards, 1871.
T.l: USA: Colorado.
The mountains of S. Siberia and Mongolia from Altai to
Kentei, E. Yakutia (the Cherskogo mountain chain), Kamchatka (the
settlement Esso), N. America (the Rocky Mountains). A local
species. Habitat: montane tundras formed by Kobresia, rocks on
ridges, less frequently other types of montane tundras, larch
parklands, pebble banks. Flight: July.
Probable foodplant: Kobresia. Imago: F.w.l.: 14-16 mm. On the
fore wing upperside there is a double apical ocellus in a diffuse
brown area; the hind wing underside is ash-grey.
The mountains of S. Siberia are inhabited by the subspecies
altajana Staudinger, 1901; the Indigirka river basin - by
tsherskiensis Dubatolov, 1992; the Mongolian subspecies simulata
Warren, 1933, has been reported for the Tannu-Ola mountains.
268. Erebia fletcheri Elwes, 1899.
T.l.: Altai: the Kurayskiy mountain range.
Altai (the Kurayskiy mountain range), the Kuznetskiy Alatau
Mts. (the Sarala river), the West Sayan (the Saylyg-Khem-Tayga
mountain range), the East Sayan (the settlement Mondy),
Zabaikalye (the Sokhondo mountain), the mountains of North
Siberia and the northern Far East (the Suntar-Khayata and
Tas-Kystabyt mountain range, the settlement Madaun, the Aborigen
river);the mountains of Bureya (the Ezop mountain range). A local
species. Habitat: stony montane tundras, meadows and pebble banks
in river valleys. The imagines were recorded in different sites
from millde June to late July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 21-23 mm. On the fore wing upperside there is
an even row of four oval black spots in a common ochre-brown
area; the hind wing underside is dark-brown with inconspicuous
bands.
The subspecies chajataensis Dubatolov,1992, has been
described from the Suntar-Khayata range; the subsecies from the
Kuznetskiy Alatau is described below:
Erebia fletcheri chorymensis Korshunov, sbsp. n.
HOLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 22 mm. Both wing sides are brown;
the fore wing has a wide fulvous-brown postdiscal band,
slightly tapering to the anal angle, with four oval black spots
about 1 mm long; the hind wing has five fulvous spots three of
which are centred with black dots.
ALLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 22 mm. The postdiscal band on
the fore wing upperside is darker and bears smaller black dots.
The paratypes have four of wive fulvous spots on the hind
wing, of which one (in one specimen), three, four, or five being
centred with black dots. In the nominotypical subspecies (the
holotype being a female) the black spots on the fore wing are
round and almost twice as large, the second from the bottom being
almost thrice as large. Besides, in the butterflies from Altai
there is a tiny black spot at the apex which is not situated in
the same row with others, which is absent in all specimens from
the Kuznetskiy Alatau. The hind wing in the new subspecies has
four roundish reddish-fulvous spots, the two of which at the anal
angle being centered with black dots.
MATERIALS: the holotype - the Kuznetskiy Alatau, the environs
of the mountain Bobrovaya, 12th July 1975 (Yu.P.Korshunov leg.);
the allotype - the same locality and date; paratypes: 5 males 1
female - the same locality, 9th July 1975; 4 males 2 females -
the same locality, 12th July 1975; 4 males - the Sarala river
valley, 7th July 1975; 4 males - the same locality, 25-26th June
1978.
Etymology: the name is derived from the Khakas word "khorym"
- a scree.
The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
269. Erebia pandrose Borkhausen, 1788.
T.l.: the Austrian Alps: Steiermark.
The Alps, Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula, and the
mountains of S. Siberia from Altai to Pribaikalye. A local
species. Habitat: montane tundras with the dominance of Kobresia,
Dryas, or the dwarf birch, alpine meadows among screes and rocks
at 1900-2900 m above sea level. The imagines were observed to
feed on the flowers of Callianthemum sajanense. Flight: late
June/late July.
Foodplants: Poa and Festuca. Eggs: globular with numerous
lengthwise ribs, straw-yellow. Larva: green with a dark back line
and a black interrupted line on either side, set with short
hairs; the head and spinules on the anal segment are red-brown.
Pupa: greenish or ochre-coloured with brown abdomen, with stripes
on the wing cases and two curved strokes on the head. Imago:
F.w.l.: 19-22 mm. On the fore wing upperside there is a row of
four round black spots in a common wide ochre-brown area; the
hind wing underside is ash-grey with a darker discal band.
The subspecies orientalis Goltz, 1930, has been described
for the mountains of S. Siberia, but this name was preoccupated
by Erebia epiphron orientalis. For this reason we replace this
name, following the Codex, by yernikensis Korshunov, 1994.
TRIBUS SATYRINI
GENUS APHANTHOPUS Wellengren, 1853.
T.s.: Papilio hyperantus Linnaeus, 1758.
270. Aphanthopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758).
T.l.: Sweden.
The temperate Eurasia northwards to the middle taiga belt,
the Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan. Habitat: meadow patches
in forests, pine woods, birch groves, open larch parklands, the
lower part of the forest belt in the mountains. Imagines actively
visit flowering plants (males less frequently than females).
Flight: middle June/middle July.
Foodplants: Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Eggs: hemispheric with 40
inconspicuous ribs and fine reticulate sculpture; from yellowish
to brownish-red in colour and covered with dark dots; they are
scattered by a female over the foodplant. Larva: up to 30 mm in
length, spindle-shaped, set with thin reddish hairs; whitish,
grey, brownish-grey or greenish, with two black or brown streaks
along the back, yellowish-white or white lines on the sides, and
a brownish streak above grey prolegs; the spiracles are black;
the head is small, conical, pale-brown with brown dots and four
brown streaks; the anal segment is forked. Pupa: short and stout,
with long wing cases and tiny cremaster, pale-brown with dark
lengthwise streaks and spots. Imago: F.w.l.: 20-25 mm. The wing
upperside is brown, the underside is yellowish-brown, both with
large ocelli in the postdiscal area: three on the fore wing
and five - on the hind wing.
The butterflies from Ural are close to the subspecies
hyperanthana Strand, 1927; the subspecies sibirica Obraztzov,
1936, ranges in Sibaria; the southern Far East, the Sakhalin, and
South Kuriles are inhabited by the subspecies ocellatus Butler,
1882; from the Basargina island in the Peter the Great Bay the
taxon insularis Kurenzov, 1966, has been deescribed.
GENUS ARETHUSANA de Lesse, 1951.
T.s.: Papilio arethusa [Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775.
A monotypical West-Palearctic genus.
271. Arethusana arethusa (Denis et Schiffermuller, 1775).
T.l.: Austria.
S. Europe, W. Asia north-east to the forest-steppe of West
Siberia, the Altai piedmonts and the intermontane hollows of
Tuva. A local species. Habitat: meadows at the edges of pine
woods and birch groves, steppefied mountain slopes, ravines,
relic mountains. The imagines were observed feeding on the
flowers of Scabiosa; like other steppen Satyrids, they often rest
on the ground or stones with the wings closed, their underside
colouration providing a good camouflage; being disturbed they
swiftly get into the air, fly several metres away and hide on the
ground again. Flight: July/middle August.
Foodplants: Poaceae, such as Festuca, Dactilis glomerata,
Poa. Eggs are scattered over the foodplants by a flying female.
The larva hibernates at early instars in a rolled grass leaf.
Mature larva: bone-coloured, cream- or yellowish-brown with a
reddish-yellow, margined with thin dark lines, stripe along the
back and a yellowish streak and inconspicuous dark lines on
either side. Pupa: pale-brown, stout, pointed caudally; it is
hidden in the ground. Imago: F.w.l.: 21-23 mm. The wing upperside
is brown with yellow band or separate spots in the postdiscal
area, the fore wing with one or two (the lower being very small)
ocelli, the hind wing with one ocellus at the hind angle; the
central area of the fore wing underside is ochre-coloured; the
hind wing underside has a mottled brown pattern, the veins are
not distinct.
Our territory is inhabited by the subspecies alpheois
Fruhstorfer, 1908, stated from Ural'sk.
GENUS HIPPARCHIA Fabricius, 1807.
T.s.: Papilio hermione Linnaeus, 1764.
A Palearctic genus including about 15 species.
Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763).
T.l.: Yugoslavia: Krayna.
S. Europe, reported by Eversmann (1844) for the Orenburg
province without an exact locality. Habitat in the main range:
openings and edges in browd-leaved forests. Flght: prolonged,
late June/middle August.
Foodplants: Holcum, Brachypodium. Eggs: light-ochre,
elongate-roundish, flattened at the apex. Larva: flesh-coloured
with yellowish-grey, brown, or reddish-grey tint, with an
interrupted back stripe which becomes distinct after the sixth
segment, and a shade of the lateral stripe; the head is
yellowish-grey with four to six inconspicuous dark streaks; the
anal segment is forked. The larva is active at night, hibernates.
Pupa: dark-brown with lighter wing cases; lies freely on the
ground. Imago: F.w.l.: 30-35 mm. The wing upperside in males is
evenly brown, in females with a whitish postdiscal band
suffused with dark scales; the fore wing underside in both sexes
is greyish-brown with a whitish postdiscal band and, as a
rule, a single black ocellus at the apex; on the hind wing
underside the veins are dark.
From the adjacent regions of S. Europe the subspecies tetrica
Fruhstorfer, 1907, is known.
272. Hipparchia autonoe Esper, 1784.
T.l.: the south-east of the European Russia.
The steppe and forest-steppe zone from Povolzhye to Priamurye
(the Zeya river basin) and the Great Khingan, southwards to N.
China. In the Ob' basin this species penetrates into the southern
taiga subzone following steppefied plots in river valleys.
Habitat: edges and openings of pine woods ["bory"] and birch
groves ["kolki"] of the forest-steppe, steppefied hills, relic
mountains, ravines in lowlands, and rocky steppes on southern
slopes and in intermontane hollows in the mountains, up to 1800 m
altitude (Tuva). Flight: July/middle August.
Foodplants: Poa is known; the eggs, according to observaions
by Yu.P. Korshunov, are attached to the base of grass bunches.
Imago: F.w.l.: 25-31 mm. The wing upperside in males is evenly
brown, in females with an ochre postdiscal band (often with
diffuse margins) which is split into separate spots on the fore
wing; the hind wing underside is mottled, with the veins being
white and conspicuous.
The subspecies sibirica Staudinger, 1861, ranges in
Zabaikalye and Priamurye.
273. Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758).
T.l.: Sweden.
Europe. There is a report by E.A.Kulyginskiy on collecting
this species in the Berdin district of the Chelyabinsk region
(South Zauralye) in late June 1970-1981 in pine woods, but in the
recent years this species has not been found there.
Foodplants: in Europe: Poaceae, such as Deschampsia, Elymus,
Agropyron. Eggs: barrel-shaped, ribbed, yellowish-white, later
become dull-grey. Larva: sand-coloured or grey-brown with dark
stripes along the back, along the spiracles, and above the legs;
the head is grey with four vertical dark strokes; the spiracles
are brown; the anal segment is forked. The larva feeds at night
and hides itself at daytime; it hibernates at the base of the
foodplant bunch and pupates after hibernation, also at the
foodplant base, in a loose coccon. Pupa: short, stout, with the
abdomen pointed. Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wing upperside is
brown with separate yellowish spots in the postdiscal area
which are obscure in males, the fore wing with two ocelli; the
hind wing underside is mottled, the veins being indistinct.
The subspecies volgensis Mazochin-Porshnjakov, 1952, ranges
in Povolzhye, which is sometimes considered as a separate
species.
274. Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766).
T.l.: Germany: Berlin.
N. Africa, Asia Minor, S. Europe. From the territory
considered, namely from the Chelyabinsk region, this species is
known by three specimens collected on 26th of July 1979 (the
collection of the Perm' University students) and 15th of July
1982 in the surroundings of the settlement Bredy (the collection
of E.A.Kulyginskiy). Habitat in the main range: mostly
forest-steppe meadwos, pine wood edges, river bank bluffs.
Flight: July.
Foodplants: Festuca ovina, Poa annua, Deshampsia caespitosa,
Bromus, and some other Poaceae. Larva: clay-yellow with five
similar wide dark lengthwise streaks; the head is brown; the
spiracles are black. Pupa: brown, with prolonged wing cases.
Imago: F.w.l.: 23-27 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown in
males and greyish brown in females; the fore wing has two ocelli
and two white spots between them; the hind wing underside is
greyish, mottled, with a small blask spot at the anal angle.
GENUS SATYRUS Latreille, 1810.
T.s.: Papilio actaea Esper, [1780].
F.w.l.: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is brown or
dark-brown; with two or three black ocelli with white or
blueish pupils in the postdiscal area of the fore wing.
A Palearctic genus including more than ten species.
275. Satyrus ferula (Fabricius, 1793) (= actaea auct.).
T.l.: Italy.
The Mediterranian, including N. Africa and Anterior Asia, the
steppe and forest-steppe zones of Eurasia eastwards to the Zeya
and Bureya Lowland (Blagoveshchensk) and southwards to Central
Asia. A local species. Habitat: patches of typical steppes on
edges of pine woods and birch groves, ravines, salines; in the
mountains - on steppefied slopes, most frequently at rocks and
cliffs. It was observed that a female choose a male among those
who in turn fly to her from high grass or bushes where they sit
around the female shelter. Flight: July/middle August.
Foodplants: Deschampsia caespitosa, Brachipodium, Bromus, and
other Poaceae. Eggs: whitish with 12 longitudal ribs. Larva:
brown with a dark white-margined streak along the back and on
either side, laterally of the back line there is a pair of dark
lines; the head with six black streaks. Imago: F.w.l.: 24-30 mm.
The wing upperside is brown, in the postdiscal area of the
fore wing there is two round black spots centered with white
spots, two other white spots usually present between them; the
hind wing underside is mottled; the antennal club is not
compressed.
The intraspecies systematics is not clear; the subspecies
altaica Grum-Grzhimailo, 1893, has been described from the region
of the city Semipalatinsk (East Kazakhstan); the taxon S.
liupiunschani O.Bang-Haas, 1933, used to be reported, often as a
separate species, for the mountains of S. Siberia.
276. Satyrus dryas (Scopoli, 1763).
T.l.: Yugoslavia: Krayna.
The temperate Eurasia northwards to the south taiga, the
Sakhalin, the Kuriles, Japan. Habitat: various meadows, fallow
lands, wasting lands, pastures, grassy montane slopes with tree
groves or bushes. The feeding of imagines - on Trifolium,
Apiaceae, Cirsium. Flight: late June/middle August.
Foodplants: Calamagrostis arundinacea, C. angustifolia,
Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Avena, Poa, Festuca, other
Poaceae and also Cyperaceae. Eggs at first are yellowish, later
become brown and, before hatching, grey; they are scattered among
the foodlplant bunches. The larvae hatch in autumn and hibernate
after the second moult at stem bases or under the leaf fall.
Mature larva: yellwoish-grey or brownish with three thin double
black lines along the back and two dark lengthwise streaks on
either side; there is dark dashes on the head; the anal segment
is forked. Pupa: brown with lighter wing cases and brownish-grey
abdomen; it lies freely among plant residues. Imago: F.w.l.:
23-33 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown; in the postdiscal
area of the fore wing there is two large black ocelli centered
with violet dots.
In Ural and Siberia the subspecies septentrionalis Wnukowsky,
1929 ranges; ssp. bipunctatus Motschulsky, 1860 - in Primorye
and the Sakhalin; ssp. kurilensis Matsumura, 1929 has been
described from the Kunashir island.
GENUS CHAZARA Moore, 1893.
T.s.: Papilio briseis Linnaeus, 1764.
A Palearctic genus with more than ten species.
277. Chazara briseis (Linnaeus, 1764).
T.l.: Germany.
N. Africa, S. Europe, W. Asia northwards to the forest-steppe
of W. Siberia and the Altai. Habitat: meadow patches in pine
woods, birch groves, along wing-breaking stripes, and also
steppes on plains and at ravines, hill slopes, rock outcrops, in
the mountains - on steppefied slopes and in intermontane hollows.
Flight: July/September.
Foodplants: Festuca, Stipa capillata, Poa, Sesleria, and
other Poaceae. Eggs: barrel-shaped with 15 longitudinal ribs and
weak transversal wrinkling, snow-white. Larva: stout,
yellowish-grey with a wide interrupted dark-grey stripe along the
back and light lines laterally of it and on the sides; the
spiracles are dark; the anal segment with two small spinules.
Pupa: dark, glossy-brown with a dark streak along the head;
placed on the ground at the grass bases. Imago: 23-33 mm. The
wing upperside is dark-brown, almost black, with a contrasted
white band, which on the fore wing consists of a contiguous row
of separate spots and include two ocelli; on the hind wing
underside at the apex there are two brown spots on a light-grey
background.
The butterflies from S. Ural and W. Siberia are attributed to
the subspecies major Oberthur, 1876.
278. Chazara persephone (Hubner, 1824).
(= anthe Ochsenheimer, 1807)
T.l.: SE. of the European Russia.
SE. Europe, the south of Ural and W. Siberia, Altai. The
species has been erroniously reported by Grum-Grzhimailo (1911)
for the town Kyakhta in Zabaikalye. A local species. Habitat:
openings and edges of pine woods and birch groves, patches of
steppe, mountain slopes. The females are capable to not distant
migrations and so used to be recorded in other open biotopes.
Flight: prolonged, middle June/August.
Foodplants: Poaceae. Imago: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is
brownish-black with a contrasted white band, which on the fore
wing consists of an interrupted row of separate spots of
different sizes, and include two ocelli; on the hind wing
underside the light veins are contrasted on a mottled brownish
background. Females with ochre-orange colour of the band are
known from Ural.
Chazara heydenreichi (Kindermann in Lederer, 1853).
T.l.: W. Altai: the Bukhtarma river.
The mountain regions of E. Kazakhstan and Central Asia. This
species has been reported for many cites of W. Altai; Elwes
(1899) had reported it, based on the collections of Kindermann
and Ruckbeil, for "Altai" without an exact locality. In recent
times this species has not been reported from the territory of
Russia. Habitat: steppefied hill tops and slopes in piedmont
areas. Flight: July/middle August.
Imago: 20-27 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown with a
contrasted white band, on the fore wing it consists of a
contiguous row of separate spots and include two ocelli, the cell
with contains a large white spot.
Etymology: Heydenreich - a German lepidopterologist known as
the author of the catalogue of European Lepidoptera (1851).
279. Chazara hippolyte (Esper, 1784).
T.l.: S. Ural: Orenburg.
Spain (The Sierra-Nevada mountains) , Anterior and Central
Asia, the south of Ural and West Siberia, SE. [Russian] Altai
(the surroundings of the villages Chagan-Uzun and Kosh-Agach, the
Buguzun river headwaters on the Chikhacheva range), Tuva (the
surroundings of the city Kyzyl and the villages Ak-Dovurak and
Ayangaty, the southern piedmonts of the East Tannu-Ola mountain
range, the Tes-Khem river), the southern Zabaikalye (Kyakhta,
Lake Gusinoe),the mountains of E. Kazakhstan and W. Mongolia. A
local species. Habitat: openings and edges of pine woods
["bory"], steppefied areas at ravines, on mountain slopes.
Flight: July/August.
Foodplants: Poaceae. Imago: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is
greyish-brown with a contiguous and clear-cut postdiscal band;
which on the fore wing contains two round black spot.
The subspecies pallida Staudinger, 1901, has been described
from Altai, which in recent times often considered as a separate
species.
TRIBUS OENEINI
GENUS OENEIS Hubner, 1819
T.s.: Papilio norna Becklin in Thunberg, 1791.
F.w.l.: 19-31 mm. The wing ground colour varies from
ochre-yellow to brown; a marbled pattern and a dark discal
band, sometimes hardly detectable, are characteristic for the
hind wing underside.
These butterflies rarely visit flowers, most of the time they
rest on the stones, grass, or the ground. Being frightened, they
get into the air and speed several metres away. Trying to chase
out any butterfly appearing near, they exhibit a fine example of
the territorial behaviour. In the North the flight period is very
short, in many species it coincides with the flowering of Ledum
palustre.
A very high degree of individual and geographical variation,
which concerns also the genitalia structure, is a characteristic
feature of the representatives of this genus. As being
predominantly northern and highland butterflies, they remain
rather poorly studied, so, taking into account such a wide range
of their variation, a considerable systematic problems inevitably
arise. Up to day numerous taxa (species, subspecies, and ecologic
forms) have been described in the genus, their status being a
subject of great controversy. The preimaginal stages of the
majority of species are still unknown.
280. Oeneis tarpeia (Pallas, 1771).
T.l.: Povolzhye.
SE. Europe, Middle and South Ural, Kazakhstan, the south of
Siberia eas to Zabaikalye (the Sokhondinskiy nature reserve),
Mongolia, N. China. A local species. Habitat: virgin steppe areas
in lowlands and gentle mountain slopes, steppefied meadows; in
the mountains reaches a level of 2300 m; along steppefied
sections of river valley locally (e.g. near ther city Tobol'sk)
penetrates into the southern taiga subzone. Flight: late May/late
June, in highlands sometimes until late July.
Foodplants: Poa, Festuca. Eggs (acording to observations of
P.Yu.Gorbunov): white, later become beige, oval-shaped, 1-1.3 mm
in diameter, with 16 longitudinal ribs and a dark apical dot;
laid singly at the foodplant bunch base. The first instar larva:
greyish with five brownish lengthwise streaks on the back; the
anal segment with two conspicuous spines; the head with black
dots. Hibernation probably occurs at the pupal stage. Imago:
F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. The wing upperside is ochre or ochre-brown with
a postdiscal row of relatively large oval black spots on each
wing; the basal half of the hind wing underside is brownish with
the light veins cutting through, the internal edge of the
discal dark band is distinctly seen. Similar species: Oeneis
lederi.
S. Alpheraky has described the variety lederi Alpheraky,1897
(= grossi Eitschberger et Lukhtanov, 1994, syn. n.) on a
heterogenous series collected by H. Leder in the Irkut valley and
at the town Urga. The series contained specimens of a light form
of Oe. tarpeia, which is connected with arid areas, and smaller
sand-coloured individuals, which appeared to be another species.
(Noteworthy is that S. Alpheraky did not mentioned any variation
in the wing span, and the taxon lederi was always considered as a
form or abberation in all basic literature sources, say, Seiz
(1909)). In 1982 the butterflies of this species from Mongolia
and Tuva were specially described under the name Oe. sapozhnikovi
by Yu. P. Korshunov. He knew that such specimens were among the
type series of lederi, but they had not received proper attention
of S. Alpheraky who missed their being a distinct species.
281. Oeneis sapozhnikovi Korshunov, 1982.
T.l.: Mongolia: the Kerulen river bsi, Mugen Mor't.
Tuva (the environs of the city Kyzyl, the settlement Erzin,
the Sangilen mountain area), the Tunkin intermontane hollow, N.
Mongolia (Central and Dzabkhan aimaks). Habitat: mountain slopes
with meadow-steppe herbage, steppes wiht Caragana bushes in
intermontane hollows, sands. Flight: middle May/middle June.
Imago: F.w.l.: 19-21 mm. The wing upperside is sand-coloured
(pale ochre-yellow) with postdiscal black
spots, which are oval infemales and usually tound in males; on the
hind wing underside the marble pattern consists of light and
brown scales, the whitish veins are distinct; the discal
dark band is not distinct. Similar species: Oe. tarpeia.
Etymology: Vasiliy Vasilievich Sapozhnikov (1861-1924) - an
outstanding botanist and geographist, an explorer of the
mountains of South Siberia.
282. Oeneis sculda (Eversmann, 1851).
T.l.: Zabaikalye.
The mountains of S. Sibiria, E. Sibiria (except for the
extreme North), the Zeya basin, Mongolia, NE. China. A local
species. Habitat: steppes, steppefied meadows; locally reaches
the southern tundras occuring on south-exposed slopes; in the
mountains rises to 2500 m altitude (Central Altai) where inhabits
montane tundras; besides, in Priamurye and northwards inhabit
larch forests and raised bogs. Flight: mainly in June, in the
mountains locally lasts to late July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 20-25 mm. The wing upperside is ochre or,
rarely, ochre-brown; the brown discal dark band on the hind
wing underside is cut through by light veins, its outer edge
being strongly but smoothly bent.
The nominotypical subspecies is distributed in the mountains
of South Siberia; the butterflies from N. Pribaikalye are
described below:
Oeneis sculda vadimi Korshunov, sbsp.n.
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 23 mm. The wing upperside is
bright pale-brown, the apex and the outer margin of the fore
wing are darkened, between the transversal vein and the apex
there is an ocellus with a pupil; the fringe is chequered;
the hind wing in the submarginal area contains three dots
between the veins. The wing underside is mottled due to a
marble pattern, the light veins are distinct, especially on
the hind wing; the postdiscal area of the fore wing
contains three, that of the hind wing - four ocelli with white
pupils; the discal band on the hind wing is dark-brown,
with a conspicuous rounded prominence behind the cell. The
shape of the uncus and the valva proceses and the structure of
the aedeagus are somewhat different from those in Oe. sculda
sculda (Table ...).
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 26 mm. The wing upperside is
brown, lighter than in the male; the fore wing has an ocellus
at the apex and another one at the anal angle; all the ocelli
are centered with white pupils; the wing underside resemble
that of the male as being equally bright.
MATERIALS: the holtype - the Verkhneangarskiy mountain
range, the surroundings of the town Severobaikal'sk, 16th June
1988 (Vadim Ivonin leg.); the allotype - the same date and
locality; paratypes - two females - 16th and 19th June 1988,
the same locality.
The subspecies is named in the honour of Vadim Vasilievich
Ivonin who participated in numerous expeditions in Siberia and
the Fa East and collected the type series.
The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
283. Oeneis pseudosculda Korshunov, 1977.
T.l.: Mongolia: SW. Kentei.
The species has been described on the materials collected by
P.K.Kozlov's expedition in Mongolia. In 1991 it has been found
out by V.V.Dubatolov and V.Zinchenko in E. Zabaikalye in the
valley of the Verkhniy Bukukun river, which is a tributary of the
Onon. Habitat: glades, open tree stands, roads, boggy areas in
larch and Siberian stone pine/larch forests. In Mongolia the
imagines were observed in late May and early June, in Zabaikalye
- in late June and first days of July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 20-21 mm. The wing upperside is evenly
pale-ochre, without any pattern; the hind wing underside is
entirely covered with a marbled pattern consisting of separate
brownish spots; the discal band is hardly noticeable.
284. Oeneis nanna (Menetries, 1859).
T.l.: the Amur.
The mountains of S. Siberia, the Prilenskoe Plateau, E.
Siberia (except for the extreme North), Upper and Middle
Priamurye, West Primorye, Mongolia, NE. China. A local
species, more common in the eastern range and rare in the west
(Altai). Habitat: steppes, steppefied meadows on southern
slopes and intermontane hollows; in the southern Far East -
damp Calamagrostis meadows. Flight: mainly in June. On the
Saylyugem mountain range (Altai) the imagines were observed on
highland plateaux up to 3000 m above sea level; in the
Khandyga river headwaters they occured on raised bogs until
early August. The main flight period in lowland steppes is in
June.
Imago: F.w.l.: 22-28 mm. The wing pattern is very variable;
the upperside may be from ochre-brown with dark veins to
dark-brown with brown spots in the postdiscal area; the
pattern of the hind wing underside is contrasted: the dark
discal band is either distinct or split by clear-cut dark
markings, thin white veins are clearly seen on it, the
postdiscal area as a rule contains four small ocelli. Similar
species: Oe. brunhilda.
For the Ochot coastal mountais the subspecies dzugdzuri
Sheljuzhko,1929, has been described, the similar butterflies
range in Yakutia. The taxon coriacea Seitz, 1909 hasbeen
described from the Yablonovyy mountain range in akutia.
285. Oeneis brunhilda A.Bang-Haas, 1912.
T.l.: N. Mongolia: the Hubsugul aymak ("Schavyr").
S. Tuva (abundant in the surroundings of the settlement
Erzin, the Khayyrakan mountains at the village Moren) and the
adjacent areas of Mongolia. Habitat: steppes on mountain slopes
and in valleys. Flight: July.
By many features this taxon is close to O. nanna, differing
by a lighter ochre-orange wing ground colour and, in average,
greater size: F.w.l.: 25-29 mm. For the corroboration of its
species status further study is necessary.
286. Oeneis urda (Eversmann, 1847).
T.l.: Zabaikalye: Dauria.
The mountains of S. Siberia (in Altai known only from the
Tongosh mountain range), the southern Far East, Mongolia, NE.
China, Korea. Habitat: steppes, within the forest zone -
steppefied detrituous slopes, rock outcrops in river valleys.
Flight: June in the majority of regions, in S. Primorye and
Zabaikalye the flight starts in middle May; at the Mana river
(the surroundings of Krasnoyarsk) the imagines occured in late
June and early July; they visited the flowers of Valeriana,
Goniolimon speciosum.
Imago: F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. The wing upperside is ochre-yellow
or brown (f. umbra Staudinger) with dark ocelli in the
postdiscal area. On the hind wing underside the brownish
discal dark band is not cut through by light veins, its outer
edge being strongly but smoothly bent.
The aberration banghaasi Austaut, 1908, has been described
from the Sayans; later the subspecies trimbomi Bryk, 1946 has
been stated for the surroundings of Krasnoyarsk; the subspecies
laeta Austaut, 1908 inhabits the southern Far East.
287. Oeneis elwesi Staudinger, 1901.
T.l.: Altai: 30 miles south of Kosh-Agach.
SE. [Russian] Altai, SW. Tuva, the Ubsu-Nur Hollow, W.
Mongolia. Habitat: steppefied mountain slopes, rock outcrops,
dry larch parklands up to an altitude of 2600 m. Flight: late
May/late June, depending on the locality. According to
observations by V. Zinchenko in Central Tuva, the imagines
flew during May on steppefied areas with rock outcrops,
together with Pontia chloridice. They did not visited flowers
but rested on flat stones, hiding in their shade in a hot
weather.
F.w.l.: 20-25 mm. The wing upperside is pale-greyish-brown
with wide pale-yellow postdiscal bands, to some extent obscure
on the male fore wing; on the fore wing there is a relatively
large oval black ocellus in males and three ones in females, the
upper of which being the largest.
The taxon tannuola Bang-Haas, 1927 (= solanikovi Kurenzov,
1970), has been described from the Shavryn-Gol river headwaters
in Mongolia (the surroundings of the old Chineese fort Shavyr).
This name is misleading, since even the Eastern Tannu-Ola
mountain range is situated much more west than the type locality.
The butterflies from the Tuvinskaya Hollow and the surrounding
mountains differ by external characters, genitalia stucture, and
habits, so they are described below as anew subspecies.
Etymology: Henry John Elwes , F.R.S. - an English
lepidopterologist, who undertook a large journey on the Altai
Mountains in 1898.
Oeneis elwesi ulugchemi Korshunov, ssp. n..
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 23 mm. The wing upperside is
brownish-grey (darker than in ssp. tannuola), the outer margin of
the fore wing has light patches between the veins; the sex brand
is bright and occupy a part of the cell and some area ouside it,
there is a black oval spot at the apex. On the hind wing a light
postdiscal area, an oval black spot at the anal angle, and a
black dot above it are distinct. The fore wing underside is
ash-grey with a black oval spot at the apex; the hind wing
underside has a marble patern and a figured black discal band
(its shape differing from other subspecies) which is fused with a
dark scale suffusion at the wing base. The fringe is white (in O.
elwesi - chequered).
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 24 mm. The internal half of the
fore wing upperside is brown, the external - sand-coloured with a
dark marginal rim; the postdiscal area contains three large
oval black spots; on the hind wing this area contains two black
spots (in other female paratypes they are reduced to dots or
missing at all). On the hind wing upperside the black oval spots
also present; the hind wing underside has a marble pattern, the
postdiscal area being more heavily suffused with dark scales.
The butterflies of the type series are very variable in size
(there are three among 29 females and ten anomg 110 males which
are 1.5-2 times as small as the holotype or allotype,
espectively!), general colouration, and the structure of the
genitalia. The males other than holotype has 2-3 black ocelli on
the fore wing upperside (the upper is always larger) and always
one apical spot on the fore wing underside (sometmes black dots
can be seen beneath). In some males the wings are rather dark, bu
light areas are always retained, which sometimes contain orange
or even red-brown scales.
MATERIALS: the holotype: Tuva, the surroundings of the city
Kyzyl, the mountains at the Ulug-Khem riveer right bank in the
vicinity of the mouth of the Kaa-Khem river, 10th May 1988 (V.
Zinchenko leg.); the allotype - the same locality, 13th May 1988;
pratypes: 8 females - the same locality, 8-13th May 1988; 1 male
1 female - the same locality, 20th May 1989; 94 males 26 females
- the same locality, 7-20th May 1990 (V. Zinchenko, V. Dubatolov
leg.); a female - Tuva, the Ulug-Khem district, 10 km east of the
town Shagonar, 10th May 1990 (V. Zinchenko leg.)
The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
288. Oeneis alpina Kurenzov, 1970.
T.l.: the Omsukchanskiy mountain range.
The species is known by few specimens collected on the spurs
of the Kolymskiy mountain chain (the Omsukchanskiy mountain
range, the Bilibino settlement, the Anadyr' river), and also in
the northern Alaska and the extreme north-west of Canada. The
imagines were recorded for rocky montane tundras in June and
early July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 23-25 mm. The wing upperside is brown with a
wide ochre postdiscal band. The hind wing underside has a
contrasted dark band margined with white et either side and a
"jety" pattern at the outer margin.
289. Oeneis jutta (Hubner, 1806).
T.l.: Lapland.
The forest and forest-tundra zones of Eurasia, including the
piedmont regions, the Sakhalin. Habitat: open bogged up forests,
raised bogs, dwarf birch tundras. The imagines are cautious, they
rest exclusively on the tree trunks. Flight: June in the southern
range, in the north it continues until the end of August.
Foodplants in Scandinavia: Molinia caerulea, Glyceria,
Scirpus caespitosus, Carex, Eriophorum, Juncus. Eggs:
cream-white, thimble-shaped, ribbed longitudinaly, laid in the
vicinity of the foodplant bunches. Mature larva: cigar-shaped,
35-38 mm in length, pale ochre-brown with lengthwise dark-brown
streaks; the head is brown; the anal segment is forked. Pupa:
roundish, greenish-yellow or sand-coloured; with black specks and
streaks on the wing cases; it lies singly on the ground. Imago:
F.w.l.: 24-31 mm. The wing upperside is brown, the postdiscal
band consists of separate ochre-brown spots and contains oval
black blind ocelli: 2-4 on the fore wing and 0-2 on the hind one.
The hind wing underside is ash-grey with pale discal band. On
the lower vein forming the cell on the fore wings of males there
is a distinct dark sex-brand. In the male genitalia the valva is
smoothly tapering to the apex, about a half of its dorsal margin
bears large teeth (Table ...).
A variable species. The subspecies kryzhanowskii Sedych,
1977, described from Polar Ural, and sibirica Kurenzov, 1970,
described from the Magadan region, are close to the nominotypical
subspecies; the subspecies gigantea Austaut, 1911 inhabits North
and Middle Ural and the forest zone of West Siberia; the
butterflies from the mountains of South Siberia and Priamurye
resemble the subspecies sachalinensis Matsumura, 1927, described
from the Sakhalin.
290. superspecies magna
F.w.l.: 24-31 mm. The hind wing underside is marbled; the
discal band usually is rather distinct, its outer margin lacks
sharp angles; the males have no sex-brand. In the male genitalia
the valva is smoothly tapering to the apex, about a half of its
drsal margin bears teeth of intermediate size (Table ...).
290a. Oeneis (magna) magna Graeser, 1888.
T.l.: the Amur: the village Pokrovka.
The North of Middle Siberia, East Siberia, the eastern part
of the South Siberian mountains westwards to the East Sayan, the
Far East, the Shantarskie islands, Mongolia, NE. China; recently
discovered on Polar Ural (from the stations Krasnyy Kamen' to the
station Kharp). A local species. Habitat: bogged up or dry open
larch forests in valleys, on montane slopes and plateaux up to
"goltsy" - i.e. highland zone (upwards of the tree-line), where
the species inhabit stony mountain tundra. The imagines often
visit flowering plants. Flight: middle June/middle July in the
majority of regions.
Foodplants: Poaceae and Carex. Eggs (according to
observations by P.Yu.Gorbuniov in Polar Ural): beige-coloured,
oval, with wrinkles grouped into longitudinal ribs. The first
instar larva: beige-coloured with a brown lines on the back and
along either side, there is a narrower line of the same colour
between them, a light stripe goes along the spiracles; the end of
the body bears two blunt knobs. The larva is little-mobile and
develops slowly. Imago: F.w.l.: 25-31 mm. The wing upperside is
brown, the postdiscal band consists of separate or fused ochre
or ochre-brown spots, usually contains oval black blind ocelli:
1-4 on the fore wing and 0-2 on the hind one. The discal band
on the hind wing underside usually is not contrasted with the
ground colour.
A number of clear-cut subspecies is known: magna Graeser,
1888: the southern Far East; transbaikalica Kurenzov, 1970: the
E. Sayan, Pribaikalye, Zabaikalye; magadanica Kurenzov, 1970:
Taymyr, Yakutia and the Magadan region; kamtschatika Kurenzov,
1970: Kamchatka. The specimens from the Putorana Plateau have
been described below as a separate subspecies, which, probably,
ranges also in Polar Ural.
Oeneis magna pupavkini Korshunov, sbsp.n.
HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 26 mm. The fore wing upperside is
brown with a dark outer margin and a dark apex (that, as a rule,
is not met with in other subspecies), there are a black dot at
the apex and, below it, two smaller dots on fulvous spots; on the
hind wing upperside the fulvous band occupies its outer part
almost entirely, it contains two black dots at the anal angle.
The fringe is chequered, black-and-white. The fore wing underside
is evenly brown with greyish apex and a black dot near it; the
hind wing underside is covered with a marble pattern, the light
scales concentrating at the outer margin of the discal band
and at the wing base above the cell.
Other males have the same black dots or lack them, while one
of them has large black ocelli, as in a female.
ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 27 mm. The wing upperside is
brighter than in males, the fulvous spots on the fore wing are
fused into a band. The black spots present and centered with
white pupils on both wing sides; the fore wing apex has a marble
pattern underside; the hind wing underside is brighter than in
males.
MATERIALS: the holotype - the Putorana Plateau, the middle
reaches of the Rybnaya river, 19th July 1978 (D.I.Pupavkin leg.);
allotype - the same locality, a larch taiga, 12th July 1978;
paratypes: 1 male 1 female - the same locality, forest-tundra,
7-12th July 1978; 12 males 2 females, the same locality, 15-27th
July 1978; a male - the same locality, 20th July 1992.
Etymology: the subspecies is named and dedicated to the
memory of Dmitriy Maksomovich Pupavkin, a forest entomologist and
an explorer of SIberia in 70s-80s years.
The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA
(Novosibirsk).
290b. Oeneis (magna) dubia Elwes, 1899
T.l.: Altai: Onguday.
The mountains of South Siberia westwards of Pribaikalye,
Mongolia. Habitat: openings, glades, damp meadows in montane
forests, at 400-1600 m altitudes. In Mongolia the imagines were
observed on montane meadows at the forest lower limit, in the
Darkhat Hollow - together with the butterflies corresponding to
O. magna kurentzovi. Flight: mainly late June/early July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 24-29 mm. The species differs from Oe. (magna)
magna by a wider ochre postdiscal band on the hind wing
upperside and a more contrasted pattern on the hind wing
underside with a conspicuous discal band.
The butterflies from Pribaikalye were described under the
name staudingeri Austaut, 1909.
290c. Oeneis (magna) judini Korshunov, 1988.
T.l.: the East Tannu-Ola mountain range: the settlement
Shurmak.
The only male known has been discovered on 6th of July, 1971,
on a steppefied slope at the settlement Shurmak, the female - on
20th July, 1972, on the pass from the Durgen river to Lake
Kara-Khol'.
Imago: F.w.l.: 26-27 mm. The wing upperside is brown with an
ochre postdiscal band 4-5 mm wide and oval black spots on it:
the male has 5 spots on the fore wing and 4 ones on the hind
wing; the female has 3 spots and 2 small dots on the fore wing
and 2 spots on the hind wing. The pattern of the hind wing
underside is generally characteristic for the species group: the
area externally of the light discal band is mottled; the thick
pale-brown veins are distinct (their colour being due to their
own chitin, not of scales) veins are distinct; the fringe is
chequered. The structure of male genitalia differs in detail from
those of Oe. (magna) magna and Oe. (magna) dubia.
Etymology: Boris Stepanovich Yudin (1928-1986) - a well-known
Siberian theriologist, the head of the Zoological museum of ISEA
(Novosibirsk) in 60s-80s years.
291. superspecies semidea
F.w.l.: 21-29 mm. The wing upperside is brown, without a
postdiscal band, only small pale-brown or ochre spots can be
present. On teh hind wing underside there is an intensive marbled
pattern on the hind wing underside, often masking teh discal
band, especially itsinternal border. In the male genitalia the
valva is smoothly taperingto the apex, about a half of its dorsal
margin bears fine teeth, the subunci are about twice as short as
the uncus.
291a. Oeneis (semidea) semidea (Say, 1828)
(= melissa Fabricius, 1775).
T.l.: USA: the mountains of the Washington State.
Polar, Subpolar, and North Ural, the mountains of the
northern Siberia, the Far East; reported by A.V. Sviridov (1979)
for the mountains of Bureya (the Selemdzha river), North America.
A local species. Habitat: rocky montane tundras, ridges, rocks,
and screes in the alpine zone, open larch woods close to the
tree-line. The buterflies were observed to feed on Ledum
palustris. Flight: middle June/late July, depending on the
locality.
Foodplant: Carex is known, in captivity teh caterpillars ate
also Poaceae. Eggs: white, a;ter beige-coloured, barrel-shaped
with 24 ribs. The imagines are very variable (see the characters
of the group).
Three subspecies range in Eurasia: karae Kuznetzov, 1925:
Polar Ural; orientalis Kurenzov, 1970: E.Yakutia and the Magadan
region; also Boisduval, 1832: the Wrangel island, Chukotka,
Kamchatka.
This species is also known under the name melissa F. However,
since the type series of this species is missing and the
description is very brief, for this reason the name O. semidea,
which has been stated properly, should be used.
291b. Oeneis (semidea) tunga Staudinger, 1894.
T.l.: the East Sayan.
The East Sayan, Pribaikalye, the Stanovoe Nagorye upland, NE.
Mongolia. A local species. Habitat: rocky tundras, tundrous
parklands in brook headwaters at the altitudes of 1700-2500 m.
The imagines were observed from the middle of June to the late
July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 24-26 mm. As compared with Oe. (semidea)
semidea, the teeth on the valvae are larger and the subunci are
more thin.
292. superspecies aktashi
F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wing upperside is grey-brown or brown,
usually with vague ochre postdiscal spots. On the hind wing
underside the basal half or the entire wing is dark with a marble
pattern. In the male genitalia the subunci are less than
one-third of the uncus length; the dorsal margin of the valva is
uneven, with several rows of teeth in its apical part..
292a. Oeneis (aktashi) aktashi Lukhtanov, 1984.
T.l.: Altai: the Kuraiskiy mountain range, the village
Aktash.
West and Central Altai (including also "NE. Altai" in Russian
tradition), the West Sayan, the mountains of West Tuva. A local
species. Habitat: detrituous ridges with sparse alpine vegetation
(dwarf birches and willows, bunches of Rhodiola, rags of Dryas
oxyodontha), stony mountain slopes at altitudes of 1800 - 3000 m.
Flight: in different localities from late May to late July,
depending on altitude and slope exposition; in Altai mostly late
June/early July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wings are usually
semitransparent, their upperside is greyish-brown; in the
postdiscal area of the hind wing in males and of the both
wings in females there is a diffuse yellowish band; the proximal
part of the hind wing underside is occupied by a vast dark area,
usually with indistinct margin. In the male genitalia the valva
apex is blunt, about a half of its dorsal margin is toothed, the
subunci are short, about thrice as short as the uncus (Table
...). Similar species: Oe. sarala.
292b. Oeneis (aktashi) sarala Korshunov, 1988.
T.l.: the Kuznetskiy Alatau mountains (the Sarala river);
and the West Sayan (the Saylyg-Khem-Tayga mountain range).
The species is known by three specimens of the type series
only. They were collected in July: in a montane dwarf birch
tundra at the Bobrovaya mountain in the headwaters of the Sarala
river, and on a detrituous ridge with bunches of the dwarf
birches on the Sayanskiy Pass (the West Sayan), together with
Boloria, Driopa eversmannii, Parnassius phoebus, and Oeneis
aktashi.
Imago: F.w.l.: 22-24 mm. The wing upperside is
chocolate-brown, the fore wing apicallly with a dot in an ochre
spot, the hind wing with ochre-brown postdiscal spots; on the
wing underside in females the ochre-brown band is diffuse, im
males it is indistinct; the fringe is dark. In the male genitalia
the valva is nearly bottle-shaped, a half of its dorsal margin
bearing tiny teeth (Table ...). Similar species: Oe. aktashi.
293. superspecies bore
F.w.l.: 21-26. The wing upperside is evenly coloured, as a rule
without ocelli or ochre spots in the postdiscal area. The hind
wing underside is light-coloured with a dark discal band. In
the male genitalia the dorsal edge of the valva bears as a rule a
large blunt tooth at the base and a row of small teeth closer to
the apex (Table ...).
293a. Oeneis (bore) bore (Schneider, 1792).
T.l.: Lapland.
The polar areas of Europe, Polar and Subpolar Ural, the
Yamal, peninsula, the tundras of Chukotka and N. America. Found
by P.Yu. Gorbunov at the Lena mouth, reported by K.F. Sedyk
(1979) for Kamchatka (the mountain Aga). Habitat: various types
of montane and zonal tundras, raised bogs, praetundral larch
woods. The imagines were reported to feed on Polygonum bistorta,
Oxytropis, Ledum palustris.
According to observations by A.G. Tatarinov and P.Yu.
Gorbunov, on the damp dwarf birch or mossy tundras of the eastern
slope of the Polar Ural there occurs a dark-brown form of Oe.
bore, with a contrasted dark band on the hind wing underside,
which resembles a curved bush twig (such twigs are usually used
by resting butterflies as perches). A ochre-coloured form, with
marbled pattern and weakly expressed discal band on the hind
wing, is more frequent on the western slope. These butterflies
keep to detritous hills with sparse xerophyte grass, they tend to
rest usually on the detritous ground and are characterized by
more swif flight.
Foodplants: Festuca ovina and Carex are known. Eggs: white,
later become beige-coloured, wrinkled and ribbed longitudinaly.
The first instar larva: ash-grey with a brown lengthwise stripe
on the back and on either side and a narrower line of the same
colour between the dorsal and lateral stripe and above the legs
and prolegs; the head is yellwish-brown. Mature larva: up to 40
mm in length, ochre-yellow with an interrupted brown streak on
the back and a wide stripe of the same colour on either side. The
headis small, greyish-yellow, with six dark narrow vartical lines
and small ocelli. The larva usually hibernates twice. Pupa:
yellowish-green with brown specks on the abdomen and a pale
streaks along the back and spiracles; lies freely on the ground.
The imagines are very variable. F.w.l.: 21-25 mm. The wing
upperside vary from ochre-yellow to brown. The hind wing
underside is as a rule densely speckled with brown marble
marking.
On the materials by I. Escholtz from the northern Europe and
Siberia the taxon bootes Boisduval, 1832 is described. Most
probably, this name should be applied to a dark subspecies of O.
bore, ranging in Transuralia and the northern Siberia.
293b. Oeneis (bore) ammon Elwes, 1899.
T.l.: Altai.
Altai, the Sayans, the mountains of Tuva and W. Mongolia. A
local species. Habitat: montane tundras and alpine meadows at the
alltitudes of 2000-3000 m. Flight: late June/August.
Imago: F.w.l.: 21-24 mm. The hind wing underside is not
speckled with brown marbled pattern; the dark-brown discal
band is strongly contrasted.
The subspecies alda Austaut, 1908, has been described from E.
Sayan.
293c. Oeneis (bore) pansa Christoph, 1893.
T.l.: the Vitim river.
The Vitim river, the mountains in the headwaters of the Yana
and Indigirka rivers. Habitat: montane tundras in the vicinity of
the tree-line, bogged up open larch woods, valley meadows and
pebble banks. Flight: late June/late July.
As compared with O. (bore) bore, the imagines of this species
are larger (F.w.l.: 24-26 mm); the valva apex is stretched out
into a less extent. The wing upperside is pale-ochre-brown.
293d. Oeneis ammosovi Dubatolov et Korshunov, 1988.
T.l.: Central Yakutia: the settlement Khaptagay.
A rare species described by a male collected on 7th June 1973
on the Prilenskoe Plateau (the settlement Khaptagay), later, on
26th June 1981, a female was collected by V.V.Dubatolov on dry
meadows in the settlement Megino-Aldan surroundings.
Imago: F.w.l.: 26-27 mm. The wing upperside is brown, a
postdiscal band consisting of diffuse ochre-brown spots is
noticeable in females, there are 1-2 black ocelli in the
postdiscal area of the fore wing, and another one - at the
anal angle of the hind wing. On the hind wing underside the
dark-brown discal band is contrasted. In the male genitalia
the valva is bottle-shaped with a "neck" about 1/3 of the valva
length; the large tooth at the middle of the valva dorsal edge is
absent in the holotype. (Table ...).
294. surespecius norna
F.w.l.: 21-35 mm. The wing upperside vary in colour from ochre
to brown; a lighter postdiscal band is well expressed or into
some extent reduced. An angular dark discal band, bordered at
either side with lighter scales, is distinct on the hind wing
underside. In the male genitalia the valva is bottle-shaped, its
apex and the dorsal edge at at the apex are covered with tiny
teeth (Table....).
This is the most taxonomically complicated group which demands
a reconsideration.
294a. Oeneis (norna) norna (Becklin in Thunberg, 1791).
T.l.: Lapland.
The polar regions of Europe, the mountains of Polar,
Subpolar, and North Ural. A local species. Habitat: dry stony,
lichen, and grassy tundras in brook and river valleys, stony
slopes. Flight: late June/early August.
Foodplants in Scandinavia: Carex, Nardus, Phleum, Poa alpina.
Eggs: white. later become greyish, oval-shaped with 20-22
longitudinal ribs. Larva: olive-yellow with a narrow
reddish-brown back stripe and pale violet-brown lateral lines;
hibernates twice. The imagines are very variable. F.w.l.: 21-26
mm. The wing upperside varies from ochre-yellow to brown, as a
rule with a wide lighter postdiscal band. In males the sex
brands are expressed in a variable extent and may be absent.
From the Polar Ural K.F. Sedykh (1974) described a number of
species, namely, O. saepestriata, O. dembowskyi, O. falkovitchi,
O. kusnetzovi, O. koslowskyi, O. solopovi. All they were shown by
Lukhtanov (1984) to be just the manifestation of individual
variation of O. norna.
294b. Oeneis (norna) oeno (Boisduval, 1832)
(= polixenes auct; crambis auct.).
T.l.:Lapponie Russe", "Siberia" (the northern Far East).
Polar Ural, the North of Siberia and the Far East, the Ochot
Sea coast, the arctic N. America. Habitat: various types of
fruticulose and moss tundras, raised bogs, open larch woods.
Flight: middle June/late July, depending on the locality.
Probable foodplants: Carex. The imagines are very variable.
F.w.l.: 21-29 mm. The wing upperside varies from yellow-grey
(usually in the butterflies originating from the Far East) to
dark-brown, a row of diffuse spots ligter than the ground colour
is usually present in the postdiscal area. In the male
genitalia the valva is bottle-shaped, its lower edge often with
an incision at the apex.
Judjing by the coloured illustration at the original
description, it was these butterflies which used to be referred
to in the literatrure as Oeneis polixenes (Fabricius, 1775).
However, taking into account that the name-bearing type specimen
of the latter, originating from "America boreali" has not been
studied yet, and the butterflies of "O. polixenes" from USA and
N. Asia have substantial morphological differences, we propose to
use the name Oe. oeno (Boisduval, 1832) for Asian butterflies.
This taxon has been described, a good figure being applied, with
remarks "Lapponia Russe" and "Siberia". To our mind, they mean
not Lapland as such but the similar landscapes in the Siberian
North. The type series was provided by Ivan Eschtolz who, as a
member of Kozebu's expedioion, collected in the surroundings of
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy between 19th of June and 15th of July
1816 and, after 15th of July, on the Svyatogo Lavrentiya Island.
The same butterflies were often considered also as Oeneis
crambis (Freyer, 1845), stated by the butterflies from Norway,
the situation with which is also far from being explicit; most
probably it is an European subspecies of Oe. oeno.
Chukotka is inhabited by the nominotypical subspecies, while
the taxa beringiana Kurenzov, 1970 and simulans tschukotkensis
Kurenzov, 1970 seem to be its synonyms; the subspecies paior
Lukhtanov, 1989, descibed from Polar Ural (the Kharuta-Shor
river) and antonovae Lukhtanov, 1989 (the north of West Siberia:
the Gydan Peninsula) should also be attributed to this species.
Besides, the taxon rosovi Kurenzov, 1970, has been described
from the southern Ochot coast (the mountains at the Tugur river)
as a distinct species, a specimen from the Karaginskiy island, at
the NE coast of Kamchatka, being added to the type series at
first. According to the work by Azarova (1986), another one male
has been found by A.I.Kurenzov in "Khabarovskiy Kray". The
systematic position of these butterflies still remains vague, we
tend to consider them as an Ochot subspecies of Oe. oene. The
materials which A.I.Kurenzov (1970) referred to as Oe. chione
Austaut, 1911. could probably be attributed to this taxon also.
The species O. philipi Troubridge, 1988 described from
NW.Canada (the Klondaik river) closely resembles Oe. oeno by the
male genitalia structure. It should be noted that in its
description the materials originating from the mountain Aborigen
in the Magadan region were also mentionned.
294c. Oeneis (norna) patrushevae Korshunov, 1985.
T.l.: the South Yamal: the Krasnyy Kamen' station.
Polar Ural, the South Yamal, the Gydan and Taymyr Peninsula;
the north of Middle and East Siberia, Chukotka, the Bureinskiy
mountain region (the settlement Chegdomyn). A local species.
Habitat: moss/fruticulose and dwarf birch tundras, including
bogged up ones, open bogged up larch woods, raised bogs. Flight:
late June/early August, depending on the locality.
The imagines are very variable. Only females are described
and reliably known (probably this is a parthenogenetic species).
F.w.l.: 24-31 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown; the
postdiscal band is light-brown, 5-7 mm wide, or it is replaced
by obscure brands of the same colour; the hind wing underside
pattern is typical for Oe. (norna) group.
From the Kolyma and Anadyr' basins the taxon arethusoides
Lukhtanov, 1989, has been described (the holotype originates from
Srednekolymsk), which seems to be the subspecies of Oe.
patrushevae; later it has been found on the Suntar-Khayata
mountain range and in the upper flow of the Bureya river (the
settlement Chegdomyn, E.V.Novomodnyy leg.); on the other hand,
the butterflies corresponding to the nominotypical subspecies
were also found in Yakutia by V.V.Dubatolov: on the Aldan river
and at the mouth of the Kurbelyakh river in the headwaters of the
Vostochnaya Khandyga river.
Etymology: Vera Dmitrievna Patrusheva (1933-1976), an
entomologist of ISEA (Novosibirsk), a participant of many
northern expeditions.
294d. Oeneis (norna) actaeoides Lukhtanov, 1989 0.
T.l.: E. Yakutia, the Endybal river.
The northern Yakutia, the Magadan region (the settlement
Srednekolymsk, the Kegali river), Chukotka, the mountains of
Bureya (the headwaters of the Pravaya Bureya river). A local
species. Habitat: open larch woods, moss/fruticulose tundras.
Flight: the second half of June/July.
Only females are known, probably a parthenogenetic species.
The wing upperside is chocolate dark-brown, without light bands
and spots; in the postdiscal area there are two ocelli on the
fore wing and one ocellus on the hind wing.
The taxon resembles Oe. patrushevae, probably being only its
ecological form pertained to more continental regions. The
subspecies czekanowskii Lukhtanov, 1989, has been stated from the
Olenek basin (the Verkhnyaya Tomba river); similar butterflies
were collected in the headwaters of Vostochnaya Khandyga in
Yakutia and in the Magadan region (the Kegali river valley), and
in the mountains of Buryeya (E.V.Novomodnyi leg.), while the
butterflies corresponding to the nominotypical subspecies were
found by V.V.Dubatolov on the Suntar-Khayata mountain range (the
valleys of the Kyurbelyakh, Suntar, In'yali rivers).
294e. Oeneis (norna) altaica Elwes, 1899.
T.l.: Altai.
The mountains of South Siberia and Mongolia. Habitat: alpine
meadows, montane tundras, subalpine larch parklands at 1600-2600
m; rarely forest meadows or montane steppes. The imagines were
observed feeding on the flowers of Calliantheum sajanense.
Flight: middle June/middle July.
Imago: F.w.l.: 24-32 mm. The wing colouration is bright and
contrasted, the postdiscal area being wide, ochre-coloured, on
the fore wing of male its internal edge is sharply bordered by a
sex-brand.
The subspecies tundra Bang-Haas, 1912, is known from the
Sayans.
294f. Oeneis (norna) shurmaki Korshunov, 1988.
T.l.: Tuva, the Shurmak settlement.
The species is known by four females, which were collected
by Sergey Nikolaev in late June and early July on a steppefied
slope on the East Tannu-Ola mountain range together with Oe.
(norna) altaica tundra.
Imago: F.w.l.: 26-27 mm. The wing upperside is brown with
ochre-coloured bands 5-6 mm wide which contain black blind
ocelli, while all the ocelli on the wing underside contain white
pupils. These butterflies differ from Oe. (norna) altaica tundra
mostly by the shape of the anthevaginal plate of the genitalia,
besides, the cell on the fore wing underside is dark, while in
different forms of Oe. (norna) altaica it is light or contains
more or less expressed lightening.
TRIBUS MELANARGIINAE
GENUS MELANARGIA Meigen, 1828.
T.s.: Papilio galathea Linnaeus, 1758.
F.w.l.: 23-31 mm. The wing upperside is white with a pattern
composed of black angular spots. The pupae lie on the ground.
A Palearctic genus with 12 species.
295. Melanargia russiae (Esper, 1784)
(= suwarowius Herbst, 1796).
T.l.: Povolzhye [the Volga basin].
S. Europe, West Asia north-east to the forest-steppes of West
and Middle Siberia, the piedmonts of Altai and the Sayans, E.
Kazakhstan. A local species. Habitat: steppes of various types,
steppen pastures, vasting and long-fallow lands, steppefied
meadows at "kolki" [birch groves] and "bory" [pine woods], bushy
slopes, along steppefied river terraces the species locally
penetrates into the southern taiga subzone. The imagines were
observed feeding on the flowers of Dianthus, Allium, Thymus
marschallianus, Leucanthemum vulgare, and others. Flight: middle
June/middle July, locally early June/early August.
Foodplants: Phleum phleoides, P. pratense, Poa, Bromus,
Elytrigia, Brachipodium, and other Poaceae. Hibernation occurs at
the larval stage. Imago: F.w.l.: 26-29 mm. On the wing upperside
the white colour predominates substantially over the black; the
pattern of the hind wing underside consists of a full yellowish
dsicoidal band bordered by black lines and 4-5 yellowish
postdiscal ocelli, ringed with black and with black pupils,
while black spots are absent
296. Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758).
T.l.: Central Europe.
Europe (except for the North), N. Africa, Anterior Asia,
South Ural. Habitat: meadows and edges in dry woods. Flight:
middle June/middle July.
Foodplants: Phleum phleoides, P. pratense, Elytrigia, Poa,
Bromus, Dactylis, Holcus, Triticum, and other Poaceae. Eggs:
globular, about 1 mm in diameter, white with yellow base and
micropile; laid singly on the foodplant leaves, or they are
scattered by a flying female near it. Hibernation occurs at the
larval stage. There are two colour forms of larvae: either
bright-green (which, however, becomes yellow before pupation) or
sand-coloured, yellowish-grey. There are light streaks along the
back and sides, which are hardly noticeable on the green
background but are distinct on a sandy one, as well as double
whitish-yellow lines at white spiracles. The head is yellow or
red-grey; the caudal spinules are red or brown. The body bears
short hairs; the length of the larva is up to 30 mm. Pupa:
egg-shaped, smooth, yellowish, with two dark blunt "horns" on the
head. Imago: F.w.l.: 23-26 mm. On the wing uppperside the white
and black colours are nearly equally represented. On the hind
wing underside there is an interrupted brownish-grey dsicoidal
band and five light postdiscal ocelli, ringed with black and
with black pupils, on a brownish-grey spots.
297. Melanargia halimede (Menetries, 1859).
T.l.: the mountains of Bureya.
Zabaikalye (the Shilka basin), Priamurye (downstream to the
Gorin river), Primorye, E. Mongolia. NE. China, Korea. Habitat:
Calamagrostis and herb meadows in river valleys and on mountain
slopes, fields. Flight: July/August.
Foodplants: Calamagrostis epigeios is known. Imago: F.w.l.:
23-27 mm. The hind wing underside is white, without distinct dark
spots; the postdiscal area with 4-5 diffuse grey-ochre ocelli.
Similar species: M. epimede.
298. Melanargia epimede Staudinger, 1887.
T.l.: the Amur region.
Priamurye (from the Zeya to the Gorin river), Primorye, NE.
China, Korea. Habitat: open oak woods, meadows in valley
broad-leaved and mixed forests. Flight: middle July/September.
Foodplants: Agrotis clavata is known. Imago: F.w.l.: 28-31
mm. As compared with the similar species M. halimede, the dark
pattern on the wing upperside is widened; the hind wing underside
is white with large dark-brown spots at the outer margin
containing 4-5 diffuse ochre ocelli.
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