FAMILIA SATYRIDAE


  Butterflies mostly of intermediate size (F.w.l.: 13-40 mm, most
frequently 20-30 mm) with brown and ochre colours predominating on
wings. The base of antenna lacks a bunch of hairs. Fore legs very
reduced and transformed, useless for walking. One or several veins
swallen or widened substantially at wing bases.
  Eggs barrel-shaped or globular (e.g. in the genus Oeneis), they are
scattered by females over the foodplant bunches or are attached at the
stem bases, leaves or, less frequently, on other appropriate substrate.
Larvae spindle-shaped, covered with fine hairs or naked; their anal
segment is usually forked. The larvae of most our species hibernate,
feed usually at night. Grasses of the families Poaceae and Cyperaceae
serve as the foodplants. Pupae short, obtuse and smooth, suspended head
downwards or lie freely on the ground.
  There are more than 400 genera and 2400 species in the world
fauna, little more than 200 of them inhabit the Palearctic, about 110
species occur in the Asian Russia.


SUBFAMILIA ELYMNIINAE Herrich-Schaffer, 1864.

TRIBUS LETHINI Clark, 1948

GENUS NEOPE Moore, [1866].
Type species: Lasiommata (?) bhadra Moore, 1857.

  F.w.l.: 28-33 mm. Wing upperside brown with distinct ochre spots;
light veins distinct in central region of fore wing. There is a row of
seven ocelli at outer margin of hind wing and that of three ones at fore
wing margin. Pupa hibernates on the ground in a frail cocoon made up of
silk-spun dead leaves.
  The genus includes 10 species from E and SE Asia.


218. Neope niphonica Butler, 1881
(= goschkewitschii auct.).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

RANGE: The southern Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan.

HABITAT: Open coniferous and mixed forests, wood edges grown up with
Sasa, bush thickets in the mountains, including those of the dwarf pine
(Pinus pumila). The butterflies usually keep to forest edges and like to
rest on tree branches and trunks; sometimes they visit flowers and are
attracted by the soap leaking out from wounded trees.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/middle August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplant:
Sasa senanensis. Eggs: blueish-green, laid on the foodplant leaves in
peculiar batches, say, by 30 eggs in three adjacent rows. Young larvae:
live gregariously, feed at night and hide under the leaf-fall at
daytime; they are reddish-brown with darker head with two horny knobs.
Mature larva: light-brown (of the faded leaf colour) with hardly
noticeable brown markings along lighter dentate stripes on back and
sides; a similar streak goes along spiracles; it lives solitarily. Pupa:
roundish, light-brown, with small round spots on abdominal segments at
margins of wing cases; ventral side with dark markings grouped into an
interrupted medial stripe.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 27-32 mm. On fore wing upperside the
brown ocellus situated in the third, from the anal margin, ochre spot is
shifted to outer margin;  lightened parts of veins do not extend to oval
ochre spots. On hind wing underside the black ocelli at wing margin are
larger than in the following species, their bordering narrower. In male
genitalia uncus about one and half as long as subunci (Table, ....).
Similar species: Neope goschkewitschii.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: weakly expressed. To our mind, the status of the
taxa solowijofkai Matsumura (Sakhalin), 1925, and kurilensis Matsumura,
1928 (S Kuriles), does not reach the subspecies level.


219. Neope goschkewitschii (Menetries, 1832).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

RANGE: This local species ranges in Japan and is known also from the
Kunashir island (the Cape Ivanovskiy, the town Sernovodsk).

HABITAT: in the Kunashir: edges of broad-leaved, mostly oak, forests,
open oak elfin wood transitory to coastal meadows. Imagines have a
powerful flight, they like to rest on tree branches and trunks and have
not been observed on the flowering plants.

FLIGHT PERIOD: from the first days of July to early August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan studied in Japan (Fukuda et al.,
1983). Foodplant: Sasa veitchii. Eggs: light-gren with a yellowish tint,
laid underside the foodplant leaves in batches by 5-20. Young larvae
gregarious, they are greyish-green with yellowish head and lengthwise
light lines, more conspicuous on the sides. Mature larva: lighter,
stout, and less active than that of N.niphonica; its body is covered by
dark spots and dots. For pupation it fastens several withered leaves
with each-other. Pupa: light-brown with dark spots; hibernates.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 30-33 mm. On fore wing upperside the
brown ocellus situated in the third, from the anal margin, ochre spot is
situated in the middle of the latter; lightened parts of veins go behind
edges of oval ochre spots. On  hind wing underside in both sexes black
ocelli at wing margin smaller than in the former species, their
bordering rather wide. In male genitalia uncus is no more than 1.35
times as longer as subunci (Table, ....). Similar species: Neope
niphonica.

ETYMOLOGY: Iosif Antonovich Goshkevich (1814-1875) - a collector of
plants and insects, a explorer of China, the Russian consul in Japan.


GENUS ZOPHOESSA Doubleday, [1849].
Type species: Zophoessa sura Doubleday, 1849.

  An East-Asiatic genus.

220. Zophoessa callipteris (Butler, 1877).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

RANGE: The south of Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan.

HABITAT: mixed and deciduous forests. The imagines keep to open stands
of trees, edges, roads, often occur under the forest canopy.

FLIGHT PERIOD: July and the first half of August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Sasa kurilensis, S. senanensis. Eggs: white, laid in small clusters, up
to 20, on foodplant leaf underside. Young larvae gregarious, mature
ones, after hibernation, solitarily. Mature larva: green with several
interrupted yellwoish lengthwise lines; it keeps to leaf underside where
it makes a silken shelter, in which it pupates. Pupa: suspended, green,
sometimes with yellowish spots, with small white specks on thorax and
abdomen, wing cases bordered with a white stripe.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 25-30 mm; wing upperside brown with
large yellowish spots; hind wing underside has a row of six black ocelli
at outer margin; fore wing underside has no ocellus.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. miuima Esaki et Nakahara, 1924
(=karafutonis Matsumura, 1925) is described for the Sakhalin, ssp.
diluta Esaki et Nakahara, 1924, for the Kunashir.


GENUS KIRINIA Moore, [1893].
T.s..: Lasiommata epimenides Menetries, 1859.

  F.w.l.: 24-29 mm. Wing upperside brown with a pattern consisting of
diffuse ochre spots; underside grey with brown reticulate ornament; hind
wing underside has a row of six ocelli at outer margin; hind wing
underside has an apical ocellus.
  An East-Asiatic genus with four species.


221. Kirinia epaminondas (Staudinger, 1887)
(= epimenides auct.).

TYPE LOCALITY: Priamurye: Blagoveshchensk.

RANGE: Middle Priamurye, Primorye, Central and NE China, Korea, Japan.

HABITAT: dry southern slopes, dry open montane oak forests.

FLIGHT PERIOD: July/August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Poa ochotensis, P. angustifolia, Brachypodium, Elytrigia; Miscanthus
sinensis, and other Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Eggs: whitish, deposited in
batches by 5-10 on withered leaves. Larva hibernates at the first
instar, when it is light-brown with dark spots and brownish head; a
larva at intermediate instars has lengthwise dark streaks on back and
sides. Mature larva: evenly green, set with long hairs. It pupates on
foodplant or near it. Pupa: suspended by tail, yellow or green; wing
cases margined with a yellow stripe; sparse light dots scattered over
the abdomen, thorax bears a knob, abdomen bent substantially.


PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 24-29 mm. On fore wing underside the
transversal stripe within cell which is closest to wing base is bent
slightly, its ends touching veins of cell. In male genitalia uncus bent
proximally of its middle. Similar species: K. epimenides.


222. Kirinia epimenides (Menetries, 1859).

TYPE LOCALITY: the mountains of Bureya.

RANGE: E Zabaikalye, Priamurye (downstream to the Gorin River),
Primorye, NE and Central China , Korea.

HABITAT: meadows in valley broad-leaved and mixed forests. In the
mountains the form atratus Kurenzov, 1970 inhabits rock outcrops and
openings within the coniferous forest belt and reaches the tree-line.
These butterflies were observed to behave as typically alpine ones, as
having a swift flight and tending to close wings and slant them along
the wind while resting (Kurentzov, 1970).

FLIGHT PERIOD: prolonged, middle July/September.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 23-31 mm. On fore wing underside the
transversal stripe within cell which is closest to wing base is bent
strongly, its lower end contacting with wing base. In male genitalia
uncus is bent at base. Similar species: K. epaminondas.


GENUS NINGUTA Moore [1892].
Type species: Pronophilla schrenkii Menetries, 1858.

  A monotypical East-Asiatic genus

223. Ninguta schrenckii (Menetries, 1858).

TYPE LOCALITY: the mountains of Bureya.

RANGE: Priamurye (from the Bureya to the Gorin Rivers), Primorye, the
south-western Sakhalin, NE China, Korea, Japan.

HABITAT: mixed and valley broad-leaved forests. Imagines keep to the
open stand of trees, wood edges, banks of water bodies; they rest on
tree trunks, being disturbed fly into understorey thickets.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle July/late August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES:  studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Carex, Scirpus wichurai (Cyperaceae). Eggs: whitish or yellowish, laid
in chains by 10-20 on foodplsnt leaves. Larvae at the first instar live
gregariously, they are green and set with black hairs; after hibernation
at 2nd-3rd instar they start a solitary life. Mature larva: thin,
greenish, with a lighter back and lengthwise dark-green lines; head
bears small sharp horns. Pupa: suspended, light-green or brown; wing
cases as if covered by chap reticulation, they are dorsally bordered by
a light line; head apex bears two knobs; thorax - a large keel-shaped
projection; cremaster elongate, yellow.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 33-42 mm. Wing upperside
velvet-brown, without light spots and stripes; on hind wing
underside there are six contrasted ocelli at outer margin.

ETYMOLOGY: Leopold Ivanovich Schrenk (1826-1894), a Russian zoologist, an
explorer of Primorye and the Amur, a member-constitutor of the Russian
Entomological Society in 1859.



GENUS LETHE Hubner, [1819].
Type species: Papilio europa Fabricius, 1775.

  F.w.l.: 22-29 mm. Wing underside and upperside brown or dark-brown; on
hind wing underside there is a row of six ocelli at outer margin; on
fore wing underside there are 2-3 small ocelli at apex.
  The genus includes about 50 species from E and SE Asia and Australia.


224. Lethe marginalis (Motschulsky, 1860)

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

RANGE: Priamurye (from the Bureya to the Gorin Rivers), Primorye (on the
coasts southwards to the Terney Bay only), North-East and Central China,
Korea, Japan.

HABITAT: valley broad-leaved, rarely montane mixed forests. Imagines
usually keep to the lower parts of tree crowns and rest on leaves.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle July/middle August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Miscanthus sinensis, Spodiopogon sibiricus (Poaceae), Scirpus wichurai,
Carex spp (Cyperaceae). Eggs: greenish; laid singly or in small batches
on foodplant leaf underside. The larvae hibernate at intermediate
instars, in spring they are found on leaf underside. They resemble those
of Ninguta schrenckii: yellowish-green with lengthwise interrupted
streaks, set with fine hairs; there are two processes on head; body ends
with a pair of spines. Pupa: suspended on foodplant, light green, with
wing ceses bordered by a darker greenish line; thorax bears a knobby
projection.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 25-28 mm. On the fore wing underside
there is an even light band going from the fore margin to the anal
angle. Similar species: L. diana.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The southern Far East is inhabited by the ssp.
maacki Bremer, 1861, with black ocelli on hind wing upperside less
distinct than in Japanese butterflies.


225. Lethe diana (Butler, 1866).

TYPE LOCALITY: N Japan.

RANGE: S Primorye (the villages Ryazanovka, Sukhanovka), the southern
Sakhalin, the Shikotan and Kunashir islands, Central and NE China,
Korea, Japan.

HABITAT: mixed and broad-leaved forests, on the islands - with an
understorey of the Kurile bamboo (Sasa kurilensis). In S Primorye,
according to the observations by E.A. Belyaev, females keep to reed
(Phragmites) thickets on damp places along brooks in valley broad-leaved
forests, while males fly in the crowns of bushes and trees of the
intermediate layer, not far from the reed thickets. They occupy
individual areas from where they actively chase out other butterflies.
Imagines are most active in a warm and foggy weather, they like to rest
on herb and tree leaves.

FLIGHT PERIOD: July/August.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Sasa; in Primorye probably Phragmites. Eggs: whitish or greenish, laid
singly on foodplant leaf underside. The young larva attaches itself with
a silken thread to the central vein on the leaf underside. Hibernation
occurs usually at the fourth instar. Mature larva: green or pale-brown,
with a pair of processes on head. The green form has yellow interrupted
lines along body, those going along sides from head spinules to tail
ones being most conspicuous. The brown form has a dark double line on
back and two rows of interrupted slanting dashes laterally of it on
either side, the rows are separated from each other by a lengthwise
yellow line. The larvae are often found on bamboo stems. Pupa: usually
hangs on the foodplant leaf underside, it is green or light-brown with
dark dots on thorax amd abdomen and dark streaks on wing cases; a double
dark line goes from cremaster to thoracic prominence.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. On fore wing underside light
band bends substantially and usually does not reach anal angle. Similar
species: L. marginalis.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: from the Kunashir ssp. tomatiope Bryk, 1942 was
described.



TRIBUS PARARGINI Tutt, 1896.
     Butterflies of intermediate size, wings brown with an ocellate
pattern in postdiscal area. At fore wing base one vein is swallen;
transversal vein on hind wing present. Pupae suspended.

GENUS PARARGE Hubner, [1819].
Type species: Papilio aegeria Linnaeus, 1758.

  A Palearctic genus with five species.


226. Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758).

TYPE LOCALITY: S Europe.

RANGE: Europe, N Africa, western Anterior Asia, South and Central Ural.

HABITAT: montane dark-needle forests, rarely other types of wet forests
of the south-taiga series, in South Ural rises up to 1000 m altitude.
Imagines live under the forest canopy, at edges, roads and pathways.
They occupy spots of sunlight within tree shade under the canopy and
defend them as individual areas.

FLIGHT PERIOD: June

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe (Buckler, 1836, other authors):
various Poaceae, such as Poa, Melica, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyron,
Digitaria, Triticum, etc. Eggs: globular, whitish with a reticulate
sculpture. Larva: light-green with a dark back streak bordered with
yellow rim and two light-yellow lines on either side; head green; the
anal segments is forked. Pupa: varies from yellow-green through dark
emerald-green to light brown; wing cases with a light bordering; abdomen
stout, convex, back bears a blunt prominence; pupa is suspended just
above the ground or on gravel or stones; it hibernates.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 19-22 mm. Wing upperside brown with a
pattern of separated whitish spots; fore wing apically with an ocellus,
hind wing with a submarginal row of ocelli.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural is inhabited with ssp. tircis Godart, 1827,
widely ranging in the moderate zne of Europe, wchich is characterized by
a whitish colour of spots on wings.



GENUS LOPINGA Moore, [1893].
Type species: Pararge dumetorum Oberthur, 1866.

  A Palearctic genus with five species.

227. Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763).

TYPE LOCALITY: Austria: Carinthia.

RANGE: The south of the forest and forest-steppe zone of Eurasia, the
adjacent mountain countries, the S Sakhalin, Kuriles, Japan.

HABITAT: forest roads, glades, wood edges, open woods, bush-bird cherry
thickets in the valleys of steppen brooks. In the mountains of the Amur
River along slopes covered with larch-birch forests and rock outcrops
rises to the tree line (Sviridov, 1981a). The imagines often feed on the
flowers of Apiaceae and rest on herb leaves.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: various Poaceae, such as Brachipodium,
Elytrigia, Phleum, Poa, and also Carex (Cyperaceae). Eggs: globular,
yellowish or whitish-green, usually scattered by females over the grass.
The young larvae hibernate and later feed until May. Mature larva: green
with three dark lengthwise lines on back and a double light streak along
either side; head yellowish-brown with white dots; body set with hairs;
anal spinules whitish. The larva keeps to the foodplant base. Pupa:
light-green with whitish specks and streaks, with two light transversal
stripe and small dark dashes parallel to them on each wing case, head
angular; thorax bears a projection; there are four white knobs in rear
part of the body. It is suspended low on the grass or stones.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 18-28 mm. Fore wing underside brown,
in postdiscal area with a row of five large black oval spots ringed with
ochre.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: ssp. achine (?= uralensis Bryk, 1953; ?=
kenteana Bryk, 1953) ranges widely in Ural and Siberia.
The southern Far East is inhabited by ssp. euximia Staudinger, 1892 (=
pusilla Kurentzov, 1966), described from S Primorye (the Suchan River
and Askold Island), which differs from the nominotypical one first of
all by a well developed white postdiscal band. Similar butterflies from
the Sakhalin were described as ssp. karafutonis  Matsumura, 1919. A
Hokkaidian subspecies jezoensis Matsumura, 1919 was reported for the
South Kuriles, besides, a taxon kurilensis Matsumura, 1928 was
described from the Shikotan Island.


228. Lopinga deidamia (Eversmann, 1851).

TYPE LOCALITY: E Siberia: the Irkutsk environs.

RANGE: The subzones of the southern and middle taiga of Asia, the
adjacent mountain countries southwards to Mongolia and NE China,
the Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan. On planes this is a local
species.

HABITAT: wood edges, openings, burnt-over woodland, roads in wet montane
coniferous forests up to the altitude of 1600 m. Imagines usually live
solitarily and are cautious. Females to the end of flight period start
actively migrating and visit various non-typical biotopes.

FLIGHT PERIOD: June/July.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983); a Latin
description of the egg and larva was published still by Y.M. Kolosov
(1924). Foodplants: Calamagrostis,  Elytrigia, Agrostis, and other
Poaceae. Eggs: yellowish-white, laid singly on foodplant leaf underside.
Larva: green with a dark line on the back, after hibernation becomes
brown; set with hairs; the anal segment is forked. It pupates on the
foodplant or on gravel or other appropriae substrate near. Pupa: light-
green or dark, suspended.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 25-30 mm. The fore wing underside
evenly grey-brown, apically with a large ocellus and elongate light
spots proximally of it.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural, Siberia and Priamurye are inhabted by ssp.
deidamia. The butterflies from the southern Primorye and Sakhalin (from
where ssp. sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911 was described) by well
expressed white postdiscal spots on fore wing underside approach to a
Japanese subspecies erebina Butler, 1883.



GENUS LASIOMMATA Westwood in Humphreys et Westwood, 1841.
Type species: Papilio megera Linnaeus, 1767.

  A Palearctic genus with six species.


229. Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758).

TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden.

RANGE: Europe, Morocco, Anterior Asia, Middle and South Ural, the
wouthern West and Central Siberia north-east to the southern taiga zone,
the mountains of Sayan, Altai and E and SE Kazakhstan.

HABITAT: meadow areas in forests, birch "kolki" [groves], pine woods,
wind-break stripes, and bush thickets; rock outcrops.

FLIGHT PERIOD: June/the first half of July; 1.5 - 2 weeks later than L.
petropolitana. In the southern regions the imagines of the second brood,
of somewhat smaller size, can occur in August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe. Foodplants: various Poaceae, such
as Festuca, Poa, Glyceria, Hordeum. Eggs: yellowish-white, blunt conical
with numerous dimples; laid mostly by 2-3 on the foodplant leaves.
Larva: light-green with a dark-green stripe along back, bordered with a
wide whitish-green rim, and a greyish-white, with a dark border beneath,
streak above yellowish spiracles on either side; ventral side greenish-
grey or blueish-green; set with light hairs; body length up to 30 mm.
Hibernation occurs at the larval stage. Pupa: suspended low on stones or
grass leaves; it is pale yellow-green or dark-olive-green or even brown,
depending on a substrate, with two blunt projections on head; body bent
before abdomen; areas of cremaster and head projections usually lighter,
yellowish.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 21-29 mm; fore wing underside apically
with a large ocellus and a brick-red area (in females) or spots (in
males) beneath it, without whitish spots or distinct dark transversal
sreaks. Similar species: L. petropolitana.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: In the taiga zone of Ural and West SIberia there
ranges ssp. monotonia Schilde, 1885. In forest-steppe areas somewhat
larger individuals predominate with an enlarged for wing apical ocellus,
widened light-brown areas on the fore wing underside and a more mottled
pattern of the hind wing underside. Perhaps, they should be attributed
to ssp. ordona Fruhstorfer 1909.


230. Lasiommata petropolitana (Fabricius, 1787).
(= hiera auct.).

TYPE LOCALITY: SanctPetersburg.

RANGE: The forest zone of Eurasia, the adjacent mountain regions.

HABITAT: glades, roads and damp meadows in forests, mostly coniferous,
open pine woods, in the mountains rises up to the tree line.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle May/late June, in the North and at high elevations
- in the first middle of July. In the South Ural and Novosibirsk
Province the imagines of an abortive second brood has been met with.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Festuca, Poa, Dactylis, and other
Poaceae. Eggs: white or light-green, sphaerical, with obscure ribs; laid
singly on the foodplant leaves. Larva: green with a fine dark-green back
line along back, distinct only in the rear part of body, and two
whitish-yellow lines along either side. Pupa: evenly green, usually
suspended on gravel or litter; it hibernates.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 19-25 mm; the fore wing underside
brownish with distinct dark narrow transversal streaks and a large
ocellus at apex. Similar species: L. maera.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The butterflies from vwrious regions of Ural and
Siberia do not show substantial differences from ssp. petropolitana, to
which the taxa ominata Krulikovsky, 1903 (described from the Kirov
Province) sestia Fruhstorfer, 1908 (Altai), and falcida Fruhstorfer,
1908 (the Khentei Mts.) most probably should be attributed.



SUBFAMILIA SATYRINAE Boisduval, 1833.

TRIBUS YPTHIMINI Miller, 1968.

GENUS YPTHIMA Hubner, 1818.
Type species: Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871.

  F.w.l.: 16-23 mm. Wing underside with black yellow-rimmed
ocelli on a marbled brown background.
  The genus includes about 50 species from S and SE Asia and
Australia.


231. Ypthima argus Butler, 1866
(= baldus Staudinger, 1871).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan: Hokkaido.

RANGE: Priamurye (from the Zeya to the Gorin Rivers), Primorye, the
Kunashir, the South Kuriles, Central and North-Eastn China, Korea,
Japan.

HABITAT: openings and glades in Korean stone pine/broad-leaved forests,
coastal meadows.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Poaceae: Poa annua, Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria, Elytrigia,
Miscanthus sinensis, and others. Eggs: greenish-blue, laid singly on the
foodplant stems and leaves or dead grass leaves on the ground. Larva:
light-coloured with lengthwise rows of dark dots and a lighter line
beneath dark spiracles on either side; head brownish. The larva is
usually situated on the ground and feeds at night. Pupa: suspended, of
angular shape, pale-brown with lighter wing cases; it bears four
transversal crests on dorsal side, two larger on thorax and two smaller
- on abdomen.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 16-20 mm. Wing underside is whitish or
brownish with a contrasted marbled ornament; there are five ocelli on
hind wing underside.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Priamurye and Primorye are inhabited by ssp.
hyampeia Fruhstorfer, 1911; ssp. jesoensis Matsumura, 1819, close to
the nominotypical one, was described from the Kunashir.


232. Ypthima amphithea (Menetries, 1859.)
(= Ypthima motschulskyi auct.).

TYPE LOCALITY: the Amur River at the Sungari River mouth.

RANGE: Primorye, northwards along the Ussuri valley to Khabarovsk, NE
and Central China, Korea, Japan.

HABITAT: damp Calamagrostis and Carex/Calamagrostis valley meadows.

FLIGHT PERIOD: late July/middle August.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1983). Foodplants:
Cyperaceae and Poaceae. Eggs: green, laid singly. Larva: green with a
yellowish streak along spiracles on either side; set with short light
hairs; head is dark-green. Pupa: brown or green; in the green form dark
dashes are noticeable on wing cases and small light spots on the
abdomen.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 19-21 mm. Wing underside brown with a
not contrasted marbled ornament; three large ocelli distinct on the hind
wing underside.

SYSTEMATICAL NOTES: The senior author (Y.K.) considers  Ypthima
motschulskyi (Bremer et Grey, 1852) as a separate species different from
Y. amphitea, which ranges in China, at Peking and southwards, and in
Japan.


TRIBUS COENONYMPHINI Tutt, 1869.

GENUS TRIPHYSA Zeller, 1850.
Type species: Papilio tircis Stoll in Cramer, [1782].

  F.w.l.: 15-18 mm. Wing upperside brownish-grey in males
and whitish in females; hind wing underside brownish with
distinct light veins.
  A Palearctic genus with two species.


233. Triphysa phryne (Pallas, 1771).

TYPE LOCALITY: "Eastern Russia" [the Volga River basin]

RANGE: SE Europe, the South Ural piedmonts, the southern West Siberia, N
and E Kazakhstan, the Tien-Shan. A local species.

HABITAT: virgin areas of the typical steppes and their patches in the
vicinity of damp relief depressions, ravines, bush thickets, old
fallows.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle April/late May.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 15-17 mm. Postdiscal area of each
wing has five black spots centred with white pupils. Similar species: T.
albovenosa.


234. Triphysa albovenosa Ershov, 1885
(= phryne auct.).

TYPE LOCALITY: Blagoveshchensk.

RANGE: The subzone of the middle taiga of the Central and East Siberia,
the western Chukotka (the settlement Bilibino), the mountains of S
Siberia, Priamurye, the lowland regions of Primorye, Mongolia, N and NE China,
Korea. Found by Yu.P. Gorbunov (1992) in North Zauralye [Transuralia] (the
Malaya Sos'va River, the headwaters of the Konda River) - far apart of
the previously known range. A local species.

HABITAT: in the taiga zone, as a rule, rised bogs and larch "mari"
(boggy parklands); in Central Yakutia, South Siberia and Primorye - dry
meadows and steppes of various kinds on river terraces, montane slopes
and intermontane hollows, arid open forests; in the mountains locally
occur also on tundra bogs.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle May/July, depending on the locality.

PREIMAGINAL PHASES: Probable foodplants: Carex.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 15-18 mm. Postdiscal ocelli blind, in
the butterflies connected with tundras and bogs usually absent. Similar
species: T. phryne.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: The nominotypical subspecies ranges in
Priamurye and Primorye. A closely related ssp. tscherskii Grum-Grzhimailo,
1899, differing by a somewhat darker wing underside ground colour so
that the light veinsis look more distinct, is distributed in the
Prilenskoe Plateau and East Siberia, the same subspecies was found in
N Zauralye and W Chukotka. In the mountains of S Siberia ssp. glacialis
A.Bang-Haas, 1912 ranges, easily recognizable by a narrow whitish
border on the wing upperside and large black ocelli on the wing underside.

SYSTEMATICAL NOTES: There are two names that are older than albovenosa,
the use of which we find impossible: dohrni Zeller, 1850 (the original
description was based on a single specimen of an unknown provenance,
which was missed as long ago as the last century) and nervosa
Motschulskyi, 1866 (the description referred to Japan, which is devoid
from any representatives of Tryphisa). The diagnoses by Zeller and
Motschulskyi do not coincide in details, the latter resembles that of T.
glacialis Bang-Haas, described from "Arasagun-Gol" (that is not far from
Lake Hubsugul). Besides, the taxon biocelata Staudinger, 1901 has been
described from China, which seems to be a subspecies of T. albovenosa or
even a distinct species.


GENUS COENONYMPHA Hubner, [1819].
Type species: Papilio geticus Esper, [1793].

  F.w.l. of our species: 13-20 mm. Three veins are swallen at fore wing
base. Wing upperside varies in colour from pale-ochre to dark-brown;
hind wing underside lacks contrasted veins or marbled pattern.
  Larvae green with light lengthwise streaks, little
mobile. Pupae green and smooth. Imagines actively visit flowering
plants.
   A Holarctic genus with about 20 species.


235. Coenonympha tullia (Muller, 1764)
(= tiphon Rottemburg, 1775).

TYPE LOCALITY: Denmark: the island Zealand.

RANGE: The temperate Eurasia northwards locally to the southern
tundras and southwards to the mountains of S Siberia and
Mongolia; N America.

HABITAT: in the North: floodland meadows, open stands in larch forests;
in Kamchatka - the stone birch (Betula ermanii) woods. In the southern
range this is a local species, on lowlands it is connected with "bory"
[pine woods], damp peat meadows, raised bogs. In the mountains of South
Siberia it occurs on short-forb highland meadows and tundras at
altitudes of 1500-1900 m.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/middle August, depending on the
locality.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Poaceae, such as Festuca, Avena, Poa,
Puccinellia, Stipa, etc., and Cyperaceae: Carex, Eriophorum,
Rhynchosporum. Eggs: globular with a truncated apex, yellowish with
brownish spots, 30 longitudinal ribs and fine reticulate sculpture.
Young larva: green with three lengthwise yellowish streaks on either
side. After hibernation it becomes light-green with tiny yellowish
warts, a dark back stripe narrowly bordered with white-yellow margin,
and two yellowish lengthwise lines on either side, the space between
them being dark-green; end of body pinkish-red, head green, conical; the
mouth yellow. Pupa: green, dorsally whitish, with four light lengthwise
lines; there is two or three pairs of dark strokes on head, thorax, and
wing cases; it can be found in the beginning of the summer on grass
stems and bush branches.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 13-19 mm. Wing upperside varies from
pale-ochre to ochre-brown colour; hind wing underside has 1-2 white
spots irregular in shape, discal area not darker than postdiscal one,
metallic ("lead") marginal line absent.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Butterflies from the southern Ural and West-
Siberian Lowland by brownish-ochre ground colour of wing upperside,
reduction of ocelli and white spots on hind wing underside approach to
ssp. timanica Sedykh, 1977, described from N Preduralye [the western
Ural piedmonts]. Polar Ural and the southern Yamal are inhabited by ssp.
suecica Hemming, 1936 (= fridolini Kusnezov in Davenport, 1941; =
minimus Sedykh, 1977), differing from the more southern subspecies by a
less size, greyish upperside, and absence of ocelli on hind wing
underside. The northern Central and East Siberia and the Far East are
occupied by ssp.  viluensis Menetries, 1859, differing from suecica by
ochre-fulvous colour substantially excluding the greyish one on wing
upperside.  Similar butterflies from Kamchatka are known under the name
mixturata Alpheraky, 1897. In the mountains of Bureya, Zabaikalye,
Pribaikalye, Tuva, E Sayan, Pribaikalye there occurs ssp. subcaeca Heyne
in Ruhl, 1894 (?= sibirica Davenport, 1941; with type locality: Amur),
differing from ssp. viluensis by on average smaller white postdiscal
pots and presence of small ocelli on the hind wing underside. In the
butterflies from the Altai Mts, known as ssp. elwesi Davenport, 1941,
these ocelli are always well developed.


236. Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788)
(= amynthas Poda, 1761; iphis Denis et Shiffermuller, 1775).

TYPE LOCALITY: S Germany.

RANGE: The temperate Eurasia, in Siberia northwards to the middle
taiga zone.

HABITAT: meadow patches in forests, pine woods, birch
groves, meadows on mountain slopes and at the banks of water bodies,
bogs, in the Far East - open larch woods; in the mountains rises to the
level of 1800 m above sea level. The imagines were observed feeding on
the flowers of Fabaceae, Asteraceae, etc.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July, depending on the locality.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Melica nutans, Brachypodium, Poa, and
other Poaceae. Eggs: pale-orange, globular, with reticulate sculpture.
Mature larva was found in Middle Ural on Poa pratensis. It was green
with vague yellowish thin lengthvice streaks, a dark-green dorsal line,
set with sparse hairs; anal spines yellowish. From other regions it is
described as: up to 24 mm in length, dark- or mate-green, set with
sparse long hairs, with a dark line along back and a light, usually
yellow, one on either side; head yellow- or blueish-green; spiracles
yellow-red, anal spinules reddish or yellow. The larva hibernates. Pupa:
greenwith a dark line along upper side of abdomen, sometimes with dark
rims of wing cases, thorax back bears a conspicuous knob. The pupa is
suspended on grass stems, found in June, its stage lasts for 10-12 days.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: 14-18 mm. Wing upperside varies from ochre-
brown to dark-brown; on hind wing underside there is a row of ocelli at
outer margin, which is bordered by a metallic (lead) line, and 1-2 white
irregular spots proximally of it.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. glycerion ranges eastward to the West ALtai
Mts; in the Upper Ob' River Basin, Central Altai and further east ssp.
iphiclis Staudinger, 1892, is known, differing by a presence of more or
less noticeable ochre-coloured rings on the hind wing upperside and
enlarged ocelli on the hind wing underside, which have ochre-coloured
rims (in ssp. glycerion they are yellowish).


237. Coenonympha amaryllis (Stoll, 1782).

TYPE LOCALITY: "S Siberia".

RANGE: S Ural, the steppen and forest-steppen areas of S and E Siberia
north-east to the Kolyma River basin, Upper and Middle Priamurye, SW
Primorye, Mongolia, Central and NE China. A local species.

HABITAT: lowland and montane steppes, steppefied meadow patches on river
terraces and montane slopes, in the northern E Siberia and Priamurye,
besides, peat moss larch forests, raised bogs, openings and cuttings in
dry forests.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/late July, depending on the locality.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: according to observations by V.V. Dubatolov in SE
Zabaikalye: Larva: green or greyish-green with a wide whitish dorsal
band and two dark, white rimmed beneath, streaks along either side, the
lower being wider and more distinct.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 14-18 mm. Wing upperside ochre-
coloured; there are six ocelli on hind wing underside and 4-5 ones on
fore wing underside; outer margin ordered with a metallic (lead) line.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural and the southern Siberia east to
Pribaikalye is inhabited by ssp. amaryllis; Yakutia, Magadan Province,
Zabaikalye and the Upper Priamurye - by ssp. rinda Menetries, 1859,
differing by a somewhat paler wing upperside ground colour and smaller
ocelli on the hind wing underside. The butterflies from S Primorye
probably belong to the Chineese/Korean subspecies accrescens Staudinger,
1901.


238. Coenonympha hero (Linnaeus, 1761).

TYPE LOCALITY: South Sweden.

RANGE: The temperate Eurasia northwards to the middle taiga zone;
the Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan.

HABITAT: damp forest and forest-steppe meadows, wood edges, river and
brook valleys, grass bogs, in the mountains rises to the tree-line. The
imagines often sit on large leaves or the wet ground on pathways.
Imaginal feeding was observed on Geranium sylvaticum, Ranunculus etc.

FLIGHT PERIOD: June, locally until the middle of July.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe. Foodplants: various Poaceae, such
as Poa, Calamagrostis, Elymus, Hordeum, and also Carex (Cyperaceae).
Eggs: blueish- or brownish-green, sphaerical, slightly ribbed; laid
singly on the foodplant leaves. Young larva: yellowish-green, with two
light streaks along either side; the anal spinules are whitish. It keeps
at the foodplant base and feeds at daytime. Mature larva: green,
sometimes with whitish-rose tint on the back, with eight lengthvise
yellowish lines, the spiracular line being derk bordered. Pupa: light-
green with knobs and small dark spots; on wing cases veins are
conspicuous; sides of abdomen with two rows of white dots.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 14-18 mm. Wing upperside brown,
on hind wing there are 2-6 ochre-orange rings; hind wing
underside has a contiguous white band internally of a row of ocelli.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. hero is known from Ural and Zauralye. Ssp.
perseis Lederer,1853, stated from W Altai, ranges from the Upper Ob'
Basin ane eastwards; it differs with a larger size, a widened wjhite
postdiscal band on the hind wing underside, and a presence of 1-3
fulvous rings on the fore wing upperside in females. Ssp. neoperseis
Fruhstorfer, 1908 (= pilwonis Matsumura, 1925; = latefasciata Matsumura,
1925; = kunas Bryk, 1942) is reported for the Sakhalin and South
Kuriles, it has the most widened white postdiscal band on the hind wing
underside.


239. Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus,  1761).

TYPE LOCALITY: South Sweden.

RANGE: Europe (except for the North), Anterior Asia, Middle and
South Ural and the adjacent areas of Zauralye.

HABITAT: wood edges, clearings, glades, in the steppen zone - river
floodlands.

FLIGHT PERIOD: June/middle July, in S Ural the second brood
has been recorded in August

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Europe. Foodplants: Melica
nutans, Poa, Bromus, Festuca, and other Poaceae. Eggs: globular,
greenish-yellow; laid singly on the foodplant leaves. Larva: up to 30 mm
in length, without hairs, green, with a dark-green, yellow-white rimmed,
line along back, a pair of light lines laterally of it, a yellowish
stripe on either side, and a similar stripe just above legs and ventral
prolegs; head dark or yellowish-green, mouth and body ends red. The
larva hibernates. Pupa: stout, green of brown, wing cases whitish, with
two reddish-brown lengthwise streaks; it is suspended on the foodplant
stem.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 16-19 mm. Fore wing upperside ochre-
orange with a wide brown marginal band; hind wing upperside brown; hind
wing underside has a contiguous white band internally of a row of
ocelli.


240. Coenonympha leander (Esper, 1784).

TYPE LOCALITY: Povolzhye [the Volga Basin].

RANGE: The south of Central and East Europe, Anterior Asia, South
Ural, including the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan Provinces.

HABITAT: steppefied slopes, long fallow lands, steppen pastures,
ravines.

FLIGHT PERIOD: mainly in June.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Poaceae. such as Festuca, Poa, etc.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 16-18 mm. In females fore wing
upperside ochre-orange, that of hind wing greyish with an ochre streak
along the outer margin; in males wing upperside brown, hind wing with an
ochre spot at anal angle; hind wing underside without white spots,
submarginal row of six ocelli forms an even arch.


241. Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758).

TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden.

RANGE: Europe, N Africa, Anterior and Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Middle
and South Ural, the southern West and Central Siberia northwards to the
southern taiga zone, the Altai and Sayans.

HABITAT: Meadows of various types, fallow lands, pastures, waste lands
at settlements.

FLIGHT PERIOD: in the steppen zone in two broods in May and July/August;
in the forest zone there is usually only a single brood in June.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: Foodplants: Poaceae: Poa, Anthoxanthum, Cynosurus,
Dactylis, Festuca, Nardus. Eggs: green, later become ochre, barrel-
shaped, with 50 thin ribs and reticulate sculpture. Larva: naked, green,
or green-grey, with a double white line along back and two yellow or a
yellow and a red lines along either side; head and ventral side of body
yellow-green; body ends reddish-brown. The larva feeds usually at night,
it hibernates. Pupa: short, stout, green or brownish, with dark
lengthwise streaks on wing cases and a conspicuous projection on thorax
back; suspended on a grass stem.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 14-16 mm. Wing upperside ochre-
coloured, in males with a dark margin; hind wing underside is greyish
with an irregularly-shaped white spot and without ocelli and a lead
streak along margin; discal area is noticeably darker than postdiscal
one; the only ocellus on wing underside is situated at fore wing apex.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ural and SIberia are nhabited by ssp. pamphilus
(= asiaemontimum Verity, 1926, described from Altai).


242. Coenonympha oedippus (Fabricius, 1787).

TYPE LOCALITY: "S Russia".

RANGE: The south of the forest zone and the forest-steppe zone of
Eurasia, the mountains of S Siberia and Mongolia. A local species.

HABITAT: meadows, usually in brook and river valleys; in the mountains
goes up to the tree-line. The imagines feed mostly on Lathyrus and other
Fabaceae, sometimes they congregate on wet ground.

FLIGHT PERIOD: middle June/early August, depending on the locality.

PREINAGINAL PHASES: studied in Central Europe. Foodplantsd: Lolium, Poa
palustris (Poaceae), Carex (Cyperaceae), Iris pseudacorus (Iridaceae)
are known. Eggs: green, laid singly on the foodplant leaves. Larva: up
to 20 mm in length, it is green with a lighter streak along spiracles
and a dark one along back; ventral prolegs light-olive-green. After
hibernation larva becomes brown, while the streaks become light-yellow.
Pupa: yellowish-green, light-olive-green, or pale-brown, with dark and
yellowish dots on ventral side and abdomen; wing cases yellowish, white-
rimmed, with distinct veins, head bears a pair of yellowish or brownish
prominences.

PECULIAR TRAITS OF IMAGO: F.w.l.: 17-21 mm. Wing upperside evenly dark-
brown; hind wing underside has a row of ocelli varying in size and a
distinct lead marginal line, without white spots proximally of
yellowish-rimmed ocelli.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Ssp. oedippus reaches Pribaikalye in the east.
Butterflies from Primorye and Priamurye differ by an on average darker
wing underside ground colour and larger ocelli, they werte described as
ssp. amurensis Heyne in Ruhl, 1895. A form with ocelli on fore wng
underside is known from many regions.

Ts.: Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758.

A nomotypical genus.

T.l.: "Africa, Europe".

Europe, N. Africa, the West Asia north-east to SW. Altai (the villages Malokrasnoyarka and Katon-Karagay, within the territory of Kazakhstan). In the Asian Russia the species is known from South and Middle Ural, including the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan region. Habitat: meadows in piedmont forests and at settlements, on pastures. Flight: July. Foodplants: Poa, Milium, and other Poaceae. Eggs: small, barrel-shaped, ribbed, at first white or yellow, later become ochre-coloured with large red spots; laid by a female near the foodplant without attachment to a substrate. Larva: green, dark green beneath a narrow yellowish-white streak along either side above the legs, with a dark line along the back; the head and body are covered with sparse light hairs; on the head there may be two black ocellate spots; the anal segment is forked. The larva feeds mostly at night. After hibernation the larva feeds until late May when it pupates on a strong grass stem or bush twig. Pupa: suspended, yellowish-green with two rows of brownish knobs on the abdomen and streaks of the same colour on the wing cases.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-26 mm. The wing upperside is brown, the fore wing apically has a black ocellus, which in female is surrounded by an ochre-orange area occupying a considerable part of the wing. The hind wing underside is grey-beige coloured, with 2-3 black postdiscal ocelli, in males, and ochre-brown, with a light postdiscal band, in females.

Ts.: Papilio lycaon Rottemburg, 1775.

The wing upperside is brown, in males with a dark wedge-shaped sex brand beneath the cell of the fore wing. The hind wing underside is greyish-brown with an even mottled pattern, without ocelli. The females differ from mails by appearing or widening of yellowish areas on the fore wing upperside.

A Palearctic genus including about 30 species.

T.l.: Berlin.

The forest-steppe zone and the south of the forest zone from West Europe and Asia Minor to Zabaikalye and Mongolia, the adjacent mountains. Habitat: forest and forest-steppe meadows, rocky steppes of southern slopes up to 1700 m above sea level. Flight: middle June/August, depending on the locality.

Foodplants: Poa and other Poaceae. Eggs: barrel-shaped, ribbed with a fine reticulate sculpture, white, later acquire a rose tint; laid singly on the foodplant. The larvae hatch after about four weeks; they are active at night, in daytime they hide in various shelters; hibernate at the 2nd or 3rd instar. Mature larva: green with a white stripe, containing a thin medial dark line, on the back, and a reddish streak, bordered with yellow rim beneath, along the spiracles; the head is green with large yellow spots and bears two blunt projections; the anal spines are yellow with red tips, besides, there are small red spinules around the anal opening. Pupa: reddish-brown with white lengthwise streaks or greenish with light, usually yellowish, bordering of the wing cases; it is suspended on grass stems.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-24 mm. The wing upperside in males is brown, with an apical ocellus and a narrow sex-brand with diffuse borders on the fore wing, the wing upperside in females is brown with two ocelli surrounded by yellow spots, most frequently fused with each other. The underside of the fore wing is ochre-orange, that of the hind wing - brownish. Similar species: H. pasimelas, H. lupina.

The subspecies catamelas Staudinger,1886, has been reported for E. Tuva. and ssp. catalampra Staudinger, 1895 - for Zabaikalye.

T.l.: the Amur.

E. Zabaikalye, Upper and Middle Priamurye, SW. Primorye, NE. China. Habitat: steppefied meadows of valley terraces and southern slopes, on burnt-over areas; in Zabaikalye is reported for Tanacetum-dominating steppes of water-shed plains. Flight: middle June/middle July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-24 mm. In males both the wing upperside and underside are brown, the sex brand is clear-cut, the apical ocellus on the fore wing underside is ringed with yellow. Similar species: H. lycaon.

This taxon is known in the literature as a subspecies of H. lycaon.

T.l.: Italy.

The Mediterranean, including N. Africa and Anterior Asia, and the steppe zone of Eurasia eastwards to Pribaikalye (the settlement Taezhnyy) and Central Asia. Habitat: steppes of various types on lowlands and piedmonts and replacing fallow lands. Flight: prolonged, June/August.

Foodplants: Poaceae.

Imago: F.w.l.: 21-24 mm. In males the wing upperside is brown with a contrasted rather broad sex-brand and an apical ocellus; in female there are two ocelli surrounded by yellow spots, not fused with each other, in the postdiscal area of the fore wing; the hind wing underside is grey, that of the fore wing - ochre-orange. Similar species: H. lycaon.

The south of Ural and West Siberia is inhabited by the subspecies intermedia Staudinger, 1886.

T.l.: North Dzhungarian Alatau: Lepsy.

The North Tien-Shan (the Zailiyskiy Alatau), the Dzhungarian Alatau, the eastern Kazakhskiy Melkosopochnik [The Kazakh Hill-Land], the Saur Mts., West, South and Mongolian Altai; found out in Central Altai on steppefied rocky slopes at the confluence of the Chuya and Katun' rivers, where it flew together with Satyrus ferula and other steppen species. Flight: middle June/late July.

The specimens from Central Altai are described below as a new subspecies.

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The fore wing upperside has a brown basal part and a brown outer border and a brownish-yellow central area which is cut through by dark veins and contains two ocelli, the upper of which contains a pupil while the lower is blind; the sex-brand is dark; the hind wing upperside is brown with the traces of dark submarginal lunules along the outer margin; the fore wing underside is ochre-yellow with a greyish- brown marginal band and a large contrasted apical ocellus; the hind wing underside is marbled brownish- black.

In males other from the holotype the upper ocellus on the fore wing upperside sometimes has no pupil, and a dot-like third ocellus may be present.

MATERIALS: the holotype - Central Altai, the village Inya surroundings, a steppefied bank slope of the Katun' river near its junction with the Chuya river, 1st July 1974 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); paratypes - three males - the same locality and date.

The holotype is kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

Ts.: Papilio phegea Borkhausen, 1788.

A monotypical West-Palearctic genus.

T.l.: "S. Rossia".

The south of Central and East Europe, Anterior Asia, South Ural, the south of West Siberia to the piedmonts of Altai, Central Asia, Kazakhstan. A local species. Habitat: the patches of typical lowland steppes at bogged up relief depressions, gentle bushy slopes, ravines, long fallow land. These butterflies have a swift flight and rarely rest on the ground. In the Orenburg region the imagines appear in the middle April, together with Triphysa phryne, and finish flying in the middle of May, in more eastern regions the species flies in May.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-22 mm. The wing upperside and underside are dark-brown with black postdiscal ocelli; the hind wing underside is brown with distinct light veins and eight black ocelli, without bands.

The subspecies bardines Fruhstorfer, 1918 has been described from Altai.

T.l.: Papilio parmenio Bober, 1809.

A monotypical North-Asiatic genus.

T.l.: Pribaikalye.

The mountains of S. Siberia, Upper Priamurye, the Prilenskoe Plateau, E. Yakutiya (the town Verkhoyansk), Mongolia, N. China. Habitat: steppes of various types, steppefied meadows, dry open larch woods; in the mountains rises up to 2000 m above sea level (Tuva). The imagines fly low over the ground, their flight is slow and wavy. Flight: Jun or July, depending on the locality.

Foodplants: Poaceae.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-29 mm. The males are substantially larger than females. The wing upperside is dark-brown with ocelli; on the hind wing underside there are five light-ringed ocelli, contrasted light veins, and a dark discal band.

Ts.: Coenonympha alini O. Bang-Haas, 1937.

T.l.: NE. China.

NE. China; a probable species for the Khanka Lowland (surrounding Lake Hanka). Habitat: open grass biotopes.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-23 mm. The wings are dark-brown with small white round postdiscal spots circled with black rims: two ones, at the apex, on the fore wing upperside, usually four - on the fore wing underside, six - on both sides of hind wings; the veins on the hind wing upperside are distinctly darker than the ground colour.

T.l.: Papilio ligea Linnaeus, 1758.

F.w.l.: 14-28 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown; its pattern consists of a lighter, brownish-red or ochre-coloured, postdiscal area or separate postdiscal spots, usually embracing the ocelli.

The preimaginal stages of many species still remain unknown, a number of studied species are biennial. The pupae lie freely on the ground.

A Holarctic genus including about 80 species the majority of which are confined to mountain regions of the temperate zone..

T.l.: Sweden.

The forest zone of Eurasia, except for the continental areas on North Siberia, the adjacent mountain systems, the southern Yamal Peninsula, the Sakhalin, Japan (Honshu). Habitat: meadows, roads, glades in coniferous or mixed, mostly damp, forests, in Kamchatka and the southern Yamal - fruticulose tundras (e.g. heaths with Empetrum predominating). Imagines visit mostly the flowers of Asteraceae. Flight: July/August.

Foodplants: Calamagrostis, Poa, Milium effusum, Deshampsia, Digitaria, Panicum, and other Poaceae, Carex. A biennial species. Eggs: barrel-shaped, ribbed, whitish, reddish-yellow, or greyish-rose, with a blueish-violet apex and, in the central and lower parts, five ringy rows of light brownish-red spots; later they become violet-grey; laid singly on dead leaves; the egg stage lasts for about a fortnight. The larva hibernates first time within the egg chorion. Mature larva: pale yellowish-brown with a dark, margined with white lines, back streak and two inconspicuous light lines along either side, set with short hairs; the spiracles are dark; the head is yellow-grey with two transversal white strokes. The larva hibernates the second time at the fourth instar but in some cases pupates before hibernation. Pupa: pale-brown with black margins; the wing cases with dark veins; the abdominal segments with dark dots and streaks.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-25 mm. On the fore wing upperside there are three or four rather large ocelli within a common ochre or red postdiscal area and, in males, a sex-brand which can be seen well against the light; the fringe is chequered; on the hind wing underside there is a white stripe or spot at the costal margin, and three or four ocelli. Similar species: E. euryale, E. kosterini, E. jeniseiensis.

Subspecies: kamensis Krulikovsky, 1909: Ural and W. Siberia; dovrensis Strand, 1902: Polar Ural and the Yamal Peninsula; altaica Goltz, 1930: Altai; ajanensis Ménétriés, 1857: the Ochot coast, Kamchatka; arsenjevi Kurenzov, 1950: the Sikhote-Alin'; sachalinensis Matsumura, 1919: the Sakhalin, Priamurye (?).

T.l.: the Alps: Riesengebirge.

West, Middle, and North Europe, the montane and piedmont regions of Ural north of the Yaman-Tu mountain (South Ural), the northern and middle Zauralye [Transuralia]. Habitat: a mass species of damp montane coniferous forests, in the conditions of forest-tundra inhabits valley meadows. In a hot weather the imagines often swarm on wet ground. Flight: from late June, in Middle Ural, and middle July, in Polar Ural, until middle August.

Foodplants: Digitaria, Milium effusum, Festuca are known. Eggs: whitish with 15 ribs, flattened at the base and slightly tapering to the apex. Larva: pale-yellowish-brown with a dark stripe on a lighter back, laterally of it there is a pair of yellowish lines, another yellowish line, which is interrupted, darker and more distinct, goes along either side; the head is greyish-yellow or pale-brown with two yellowish strokes; the spiracles are black; the ventral side is brown-grey. A biennial species. Pupa: yellowish with dark dots and strokes, lies freely among the grass.

Imago: F.w.l.: 18-24 mm. Resembles E. ligea, but is smaller; on the fore wing upperside there are 2-3 small black dots within a common brownish-red postdiscal area or on separate spots of this colour, no sex brand is seen in males; the hind wing is almost evenly coloured, without ocelli, in females usually with a lightened postdiscal area. Similar species: E. ligea, E. jeniseiensis.

The north of European Russia and Ural is inhabited by the subspecies arctica Poppius, 1906 (= boreomontana Sedykh, 1977).

T.l.: Krasnoyarsk.

Polar Ural (the town Vorkuta, the station Polyarnyy Ural), Middle and East Siberia eastwards to the Magadan region (the Koni Peninsula), the mountains of South Siberia, Mongolia. In the North this species is local. Habitat: forest meadows, dwarf birch thickets, open larch woods in the North; open forests, wood edges, in the mountains - subalpine and alpine meadows, the species being most abundant under the canopy of the Siberian stone pine, fir, or larch forests close to the tree-limit. Flight: early (about 5th) June/August, depending on the locality.

Foodplants: Poaceae.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-23 mm. In the postdiscal area of the fore wing upperside there are three or four rather large ocelli in separate brownish-red spots; in males the sex-brand is absent; on the hind wing underside there is a grey band or spot at the costal margin, and several well-expressed ocelli. Similar species: E. ligea, E. euriale.

The taxon fasciola Warren, 1931, has been described from Altai (the settlement Kuray surroundings).

The species is stated by three males and three females collected on the Koni Peninsula (the Magadan regions) on valley meadows with bushes of the bush alder (Dusheckia fruticosa) and the dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) at the Khindzha and Burgauli rivers. Flight: the second half of July.

HOLOTYPE: a male: F.w.l.: 21.5 mm. The wing upperside is brown with a wide (3-4 mm) ochre-fulvous postdiscal band containing blind ocelli. On the fore wing there are the following ocelli, counting from the top: a double dark spot, a dark dot, and a round black spot; the sex brand is not seen. On the hind wing there are four ocelli, approximately twice as small as those on the fore wing. The fore wing underside is brown with the band and ocelli similar to those on the upperside, but the dot is hardly noticeable; on the hind wing underside there are fore ocelli circled with ochre rings, the third of them (counting from the upper) is noticeably shifted to the outer margin, and an inconspicuous whitish band proximally of them. The fringe is chequered. In the genitalia the valva is narrow (the ratio of its maximal width to the length being 1:5), slightly and gradually tapering to the apex; a half of its dorsal edge bears teeth of various types (Table...). In a similar species E. ligea the valva is sharply (two- or three-fold) narrowed at the apex forming a finger-like projection. (Table...)). A similar structure of the male genitalia is found in an American species E. vilderi Elwes, 1898, which, however, differs well by external characters, namely, by the absence of the black postdiscal ocelli on the hind wings.

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The colouration and pattern are similar to those of the male but almost all ocelli contain white pupils and the white band on the hind wing underside is wider and more contrasted.

MATERIALS: the holotype - the Magadan region, the Koni Peninsula, the lower reaches of the Khindzha river, a herbaceous meadow on the lower terrace, 20th July 1989 (O.E. Kosterin leg.), the allotype - the same locality and date; the paratypes: 2 males 2 females - the same locality and date.

Etymology: the species is named by the surname of O.E. Kosterin who collected the type series.

The holotype is kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

T.l.: Germany.

The temperate Eurasia eastwards to Zabaikalye (The Sokhondinskiy nature reserve) and no further northwards than the south taiga. Habitat: meadows and edges in various type forest, in S. Siberia - until the altitude of 1700 m. Flight: late June/August.

Foodplants: Poa annua, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis, and other Poaceae. Eggs: oval-shaped with slight ribs and a fine transversal wrinkling; at first pale-yellowish-grey with 50 brown specks, later become violet-grey. Larva: yellowish-grey with a dark back stripe and an interrupted dark-brown line on either side, set with dense fine hairs; the anal spinules are very short. The larva lives openly but feeds only at night; hibernates and pupates in May or June. Pupa: brownish-fulvous with lighter wing cases, with a dark line along the back, a dark-brown head, and a thin and obtuse cremaster; is found in a loose silken shelter on the ground.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. On the fore wing upperside there are three or four rather large ocelli within a common brownish-red postdiscal area and, in males, a dark sex-brand; the fringe is evenly brown; on the hind wing underside there are two grey bands.

T.l.: Pribaikalye.

The mountains of S. Siberia, Priamurye, Primorye, Mongolia, NE. China, Korea. A local species. Habitat: montane coniferous and mixed forests, steppefied south-exposed slopes, valley, forest, and highland meadows up to 1600 m altitude. Flight: July/August, depending on the locality; in the intermontane hollows of Zabaikalye the flight starts in June.

Foodplants: Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratense, Festuca rubra, Calamagrostis canadensis, Molinia, and other Poaceae, and also Carex sp. The larva hibernates at early instars. Pupa: brown.

Imago: F.w.l.: 21-24 mm. On the fore wing upperside there are three or four rather large ocelli within a common brownish-red or yellow postdiscal area and, in males, a dark sex-brand; the hind wing underside is brown with two grey bands and 3-4 blueish dots in the postdiscal area.

The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the mountains of South Siberia; the subspecies alcmenides Sheljuzhko, 1919, is known for Primorye and Priamurye; the taxon sajanensis Warren, 1931, has been described from the mountains at Munku-Sardyk (the East Sayan); the taxon septentrionalis Goltz, 1937 - from Kamchatka (no collections E. neriene has been reported from there in recent times).

T.l.: Japan.

The Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan. Habitat: forest and highland meadows, bush thickets, including those of the Siberian dwarf pine. Flight: middle July/late August.

Foodplants: Carex, Calamagrostis. Eggs: at first yellowish-white, later become brown; laid singly on dead leaves, stems, or other substrate. The young larva feeds at daytime, the mature one - usually at night, hiding under leaf fall or stones at daytime. Matura larva: set with short hairs, reddish-brown with a light dark-bordered stripe along the back, on either side there is a dark line and, beneath it at the spiracles, a yellow one. Pupa: brown, lies freely among dead leaves at a foodplant base. The hind wing upperside with 3-4 ocelli but without a lighter area around them; the hind wing underside is brown with two grey bands and 3-4 blueish dots in the postdiscal area.

The subspecies doii Nakahara, 1926, has been described from the Kunashir; the ssp. scoparia Butler, 1881, has been reported for the Sakhalin.

T.l.: Canada: the Franklin island.

The polar regions of Eurasia from the Pechora river to Chukotka, the mountain regions of the temperate Asia southwards to Mongolia and N. Korea; North America. In the southern regions this species is local but can be found in large numbers. Habitat: various montane and lowland tundras, open larch woods, raised bogs, valley meadows and pebble banks in the North, and rocky tundras at 2200-2800 m altitudes in the mountains of S. Siberia. Flight: middle June/August, depending on the locality.

Foodplants: Carex rariflora, C. atrofusca are known.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-26 mm. A large double ocellus with fulvous bordering is conspicuous at the fore wing apex, other ocelli on both wings are much smaller and are situated closer to the outer margin. Similar species: E. disa, E. embla.

The subspecies ero Bremer, 1861 ranges in the most part of Siberia; the following taxa has been also described: erda Sheljuzhko, 1924 from the E. Sayan, and dzhelindae Sheljuzhko, 1924 from the Dzhugdzhur mountain range. The butterflies of Chukotka are close to the Canadian subspecies ornata Leussler, 1935.

Etymology: James Clark Ross (1800-1862) - an English polar explorer.

T.l.: Sweden: Vesterbotten.

The tundra, forest-tundra, and northern forest zones of Eurasia, the adjacent mountain countries southwards to Mongolia and N. Korea; the North Sakhalin. Habitat: bogged up and open pine and larch forests, peat-moss bogs. Flight: June, in the North and highlands - until middle July.

Foodplants: Deshampsia and Carex are known. Eggs: thimble-shaped, ribbed, at first light-yellow, later acquire reddish-brown specks; laid singly on the foodplant. The first instar larva: cream-white with a brown stripe along the back and three narrower lines along either side. Each segment bears 8-10 black warts bearing one black setum each; the head is ochre-coloured, with brown specks and hairs. Larva: ochre-coloured with a wide greenish-brown stripe along the back and a brown line going along either side; set with sparse brown hairs. Hibernation occurs at the larval or pupal stage.

Imago: F.w.l.: 21-25 mm. On the fore wing upperside there are a double ocellus at the apex and two ocelli of the similar size beneath the former; the hind wing upperside with 4-5 similar ocelli. Similar species: E. rossi, E. disa.

The nominotypical subspecies ranges westwards to E. Siberia; the subspecies dissimulata Warren, 1931, is distributed in the mountains of S. Siberia; the subspecies succulenta Alpheraky, 1897, has been described from Kamchatka, ssp. septentrionalis Esaki et Hori, 1937 - from the northern Sakhalin..

T.l.: Lapland.

The polar regions of Eurasia, the mountain regions of Asia southwards to the mountains of S. Siberia (not found in Kamchatka); N. America. In the southern regions this species is local. Habitat: various montane and lowland tundras, open larch woods, and raised bogs in the North, and mostly bogged up areas in the highlands in the southern range. Flight: middle June/August, depending on the locality.

Foodplants: Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Eggs: as in E. embla. Larva, according to the description from Lapland: ochre-yellow or greenish with a lighter back with contrasted dark line along, wide light lateral stripes and obscure dark lines along the spiracles and above the prolegs; the head is yellow. Pupa: pale- brown, lies freely on the ground.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-25 mm. On the fore wing upperside, except for the large double ocellus at the apex, there are two or three ocelli beneath the former; their ochre bordering being usually fused into a common light area; the hind wing upperside without ocelli. Similar species: E. rossi, E. embla.

The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the North, penetrating eastwards to E. Siberia; the subspecies streckeri Holland, 1930 is known from Chukotka, the subspecies festiva Warren, 1931 occupies the mountains of S. Siberia.

T.l.: Austria.

The forest-steppe and the south of the forest zone from W. Europe to Central Yakutia, the mountains of S. and E. Siberia (in West Siberia and altai very rarely), Kamchatka (the settlement Esso), Priamurye, Mongolia. A local species. Habitat: meadow patches in coniferous forests, pine woods, birch groves, steppefied meadows on mountain slopes and river terraces. Flight: mainly in June.

Foodplants: Milium effusum, Digitaria ischaemum, Poa palustris, Panicum, Setaria, and other Poaceae. Eggs: barrel-shaped, ribbed, greyish-white with groups of red-brown dots. Larva: up to 40 mm in length, green or brown with a dark white-margined stripe along the head, a yellow-green line above the spiracles, and a whitish one beneath them on either side; the head is light-green or brown with two black spots. The larva hibernates twice. Pupa: light-green, later becomes pale-brown with streaks on the wing cases; placed on the ground in a loose silken shelter.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-23 mm. On the fore wing upperside the fulvous rims of two apical ocelli are fused into a single spot, other ocelli on the upperside of both wings are smaller than these two ones; the wing underside is similar to the upperside.

The subspecies uralensis Staudinger, 1871 ranges in Zauralye; the subspecies transiens Ruhl in Ruhl et Heyne, 1895 - in the mountains of S. Siberia and Priamurye. All the butterflies originated from Yakutia and the Stanovoe Nagorye upland are usually attributed to taxon E. polaris Staudinger, 1871, described from Lapland and often considered as a distinct species. However, these are rather peculiar butterflies and are described below as a new subspecies. A.I. Kurenzov (1970) has mentioned also an intriguing "rare rose form from Yakutia, which has certain differences in the male genitalia structure".

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 20.5 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown with a row of black ocelli on ochre spots along the outer margin, five on the fore wing and three on the hind wing. Two apical ocelli on the fore wing are noticeably larger and are centered by white dots. The rims of ocelli in close subspecies polaris and uralensis are of darker brick-red colour. The colouration and pattern of the underside resembles those of the upperside, but the ocelli are larger and more distinct than in polaris and uralensis, while a wide dark transversal band on the hind wing is poorly expressed, is outer margin extends o the line of ocelli.

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 22.5 mm. The wing colouration and pattern is in the holotype, on the fore wing underside the admixture of chestnut-coloured scales is more noticeable, especially in the cell. The outer margin of a wide dark band on the hind wing underside is more distinct. The marginal lightening of wings, which is characteristic for the females from Ural, is absent.

MATERIALS: the holotype - Central Yakutia, the botanical garden of Yakutsk, a steppefied meadow on the slope of river terrace, 6th July 1992 (P.Yu. Gorbunov leg.); the allotype - the same locality and date;; paratypes - 7 males 1 female - the same locality and date (P.Yu. Gorbunov leg.); 2 males 1 female - the Irkutsk region, the settlement Vasilievsky, 26-28th June 1982 (V.N. Olshvang leg.); the Irkutsk region, the settlement Lisvyaka, 26ht June1983 (Yu.N. Baranchikov leg.); 1 male - Kamchatka, Ganal'skaya Tunra, 14th July 1983 (V.N. Olshvang leg.).

The holotype is kept in the collection of IEPA (Ekaterinburg).

T.l.: Irkutsk.

Middle and South Ural, the subzones of middle and southern taiga on the West-Siberian Lowland (a moderate elevation called Sibirskie Uvaly, the surroundings of Tobol'sk, and the Tomsk region), the mountains of South Siberia, Mongolia, the Amur basin and North Korea. Habitat: openings and glades in coniferous (in Primorye - mixed) forests, bank slopes, rock outcrops, in Central Altai - up to 2000 m above sea level. The imagines keep to wood edges and often sit on wet ground or crumbly rocks at river banks. Flight: middle June/middle July, in Zabaikalye and Primorye the flight starts at the end of May.

Foodplants: Poaceae.

Imago: F.w.l.: 25-28 mm. At the fore wing apex there is a very large round black spot with two white pupils, circled with a wide yellowish ring; the hind wing underside exhibits two inconspicuous grey bands.

T.l.: the mountains of Bureya.

The southern Far East, E. China, Korea. Habitat: montane mixed forests. The imagines usually fly swiftly under the forest canopy, often high above the ground. Flight: middle May/middle June.

Foodplant: Diarrhena mandshurica has been mentioned by A.I. Kurenzov (1970).

Imago: F.w.l.: 25-28 mm. At the fore wing apex there is an oviform black spot, with two white dots in the center, circled with a narrow light ring; the hind wing underside has a white suffusion at the outer margin and a white spot in the center, the band is absent.

The taxon tristior Goltz, 1937, described from S. China as a subspecies of E. wanga and later regarded as a separate species, has been reported for Primorye by A.I. Kurenzov (1970), who based his identification on slight differences in wing venation, pattern, and details of the male genitalia; however, even the figures in the cited book are not convincing. This taxon is absent in the available collections from Primorye; the photographs No 15 and 17 on Plate 4 in a catalogue by Kogure and Iwamoto (1992) depict the butterflies from Primorye which, to our opinion, should be attributed to E. wanga. (By wing colouration E. tristior is characterized by the absence of a light margin of the apical ocellus on the fore wing and of a white suffusion at the outer margin on the hind wing underside).

T.l.: Priokhotye: the lower reaches of the Uda river: "Udskoi Ostrog".

The subpolar Preduralye [Ural piedmonts] (the Synyaya river), the Sos'vinskoe Priobye (the Malaya Sos'va nature reserve), the subzones of the middle and southern taiga eastwards of the Yenisey, the adjacent mountain regions southwards to Mongolia, the Shantarskiye islands. A local species. Habitat: damp, mostly larch, forests (in the mountains rises to the altitude of 1800 m), rocky tundras in the coastal regions. The imagines mostly fly under the canopy of open standing trees, their feeding has been observed on Rhododendron auream. Flight: depending on the locality, from middle May (Zabaikalye) to middle July (the Magadan region).

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-26 mm. At the fore wing apex there is an oval black spot, with two white dots in the center, surrounded with a diffuse ochre-orange bordering; a white dot and the traces of the band are noticeable in the center of the hind wing underside.

T.l.: Arctic America.

The forest-tundra and the north of the forest zone from the Pechora river to Chukotka, the mountains of E. Siberia, the E. Sayan (the village Mondy), Pribaikalye (the Khamar-Daban mountain range), Zabaikalye (the settlement Chara), the Tukuringra mountain range (the town Tynda), the northern ranges of the mountains of Bureya, N. America. This species is local and rare in the western and southern parts of its range. Habitat: larch woods, mostly with a peat moss ground layer and Rhododendron aureum and Ledum palustre predominating in the understory, raised bogs, damp forest openings, valley meadows, highlands in the Sayans, Pribaikalye, and Zabaikalye. Flight: in taiga zone mainly in June, occasionally the imagines can be observed in May, July or August. Foodplants: Poa alpina, P. arctica, and P. glauca are known. Eggs: elliptical, light-yellow with numerous longitudinal ribs; laid on the foodplant base. Hibernation occurs at the larval or pupal stage.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-24 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown, without ocelli; the most part of the fore wing is occupied by a vast fulvous-brown area; the hind wing underside is grey with a dark marble pattern.

The most part of Siberia is inhabited by the subspecies lena Christoph, 1889; the taxon yablonoica Warren, 1931 has been described from the Yablonovyy mountain range.

F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown without ocelli and usually with reddish-brown spots in the central area of wings; the hind wing underside with a grey postdiscal band.

The life history of the Siberian representatives of the group is unknown, Luzula (Juncaceae) has been reported as the foodplant of Erebia (fasciata) magdalena Strecker, 1880 in North America. Eggs: pale-ochre-coloured, ribbed; laid on stones at the foodplant bunches. Larva: set with dense short hairs, dark-green with yellow specks, a green stripe along the back, two brown lengthwise lines on either side, and a transversal green line on each segment; the head is brown with a pair of small horns. The larva hibernates. Pupa: mottled, the head and the wing cases are margined with dark-green streaks, the abdominal segments are brown with dark dots, a brown streak 2 mm wide goes along the back; several hooks are either present or absent on the cremaster (Scott, 1986).

T.l.: the Arctic America.

The tundra zone of Asia and N. America, the mountains of Verkhoyanye, Kamchatka (?), the mountains of Bureya (the Ezop mountain range). Habitat: in the North: fruticulose and other type tundras, damp relief depressions with the cover of Carex and/or moss in river valleys and on montane plateau, raised bogs, in E. Yakutia the species was rarely seen on rocky brook valleys with sparse groups of willows (Salix) at the tree-line and on stony screes at altitudes of 1300-1600 m. The imagines fly relatively swiftly and rarely rest on stones, in Taymyr they were observed to visit the flowers of Parrya nudicaulis and Lagotis minor. Flight: late June/August, in E. Yakutia middle June/middle July.

Foodplants: Carex and Eriophorum is known. Eggs (according to observations by Yu.P. Gorbunov in Polar Ural): elliptic, with numerous inconspicuous ribs, at first white, late become brown. The firs instar larva is ash-grey, each segment bearing a belt of 10-12 black hairs on brownish warts; the head is light-brown; the rear segment is light-yellow, not forked; the ventral side and the prolegs are light-yellow.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown without ocelli; in females the red-brown spot occupies almost all the fore wing upperside, in males it occupies the postdiscal region; in northern specimens this area can be absent; the hind wing underside has a grey postdiscal band which is partly or entirely reduced in males and in both sexes in the mountains of E. Siberia and the Far East.

The subspecies avinoffi Holland, 1930, ranges in Chukotka and the Wrangel island; the subspecies semo Grum-Grshimailo, 1899 - further to the west. The taxon sachaensis Dubatolov, 1992, was described from the Suntar-Khayata and Cherskogo mountain ranges as a subspecies of E. magdalena Strecker, 1880, to which it was attributed due to the presence of andraconial scales. However, the latter were found also in specimens of E. fasciata. The male genitalia of sachaensis is also of the same type as in E. fasciata. Similar specimens originating from the tundra of the Ezop mountain range in the headwaters of the Pravaya Bureya river are preserved in the collection of ISEA, Novosibirsk.

T.l.: the E. Sayan.

The E. Sayan: the Tunkinskie Gol'tsy mountain range, the Munku-Sardyk massif. A local species. Habitat: rocky montane tundras up to 2500 m above the sea level. A female has been observed feeding on the flowers of Rhododendron adamsii, males usually rest on stones. Flight: July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-25 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown, on the fore wing in males there are two diffuse reddish-brown elongate spots between the veins, in females there is a large chestnut-brown area; the hind wing upperside in males is evenly coloured, in females it bears a chestnut-brown spot in the center; the fore wing underside has a large brown spot in the middle, which is larger in females; the hind wing underside in males is evenly coloured, in females it contains traces of the postdiscal band with two triangular projections at the cell.

Scott (1986) and some other American authors consider E. magdalena mackinleyensis Gunder, 1932, described from Alaska, as a synonym to E. erynnin. However, these taxa, in spite of a superficial similarity, differ well by the shape of the androconial scales and details of the male genitalia structure.

The species has been stated on the southern spurs of the Kolymskiy mountain range (the Ola river headwaters and the surroundings of the settlement Golimyy).

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 25 mm. The wing upperside is evenly soot-coloured, the underside is of the same colour but on the fore wing there are groups of reddish scales forming a hardly detectable diffuse spot; the light scales are scattered over the hind wing underside. The genitalia differ to some extent from those of both E. fasciata and E. erynnin (Table....) by the structure of the uncus, aedeagus and, especially, by the valva which lacks an incision characteristic for E. erynnin and has different apical dentation. The androconial scales resemble those of E. magdalena but nevertheless differ from them to some extent (Fig...). ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 26 mm. The wing upperside is black with a brown tint, on the fore wing with reddish elongate postdiscal strokes between the veins; on the fore wing underside the corresponding reddish spots are bordered with dark scales ; the hind wing underside is also mottled due to scattered light scales, besides, it exhibits conspicuous traces of the medial band, the outer margin of which is most clearly seen at its middle.

MATERIALS: the holotype - the Magadan region, the headwaters of the Ola river, the surroundings of the mountain Nukh, 7th July 1991 (V.V. Palekha leg.); the allotype - the same locality and date; a paratype: a male - the Omsukchanskiy mountain range, at the settlement Golimyy, 6th July 1964 (A.V. Tsvetaev leg.).

The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

T.l.: the Anyuyskiy mountain range.

The tundras of the Kolyma basin: the Anyuyskiy mountain range (Kurenzov, 1966; 1970), the Omsukchanskiy mountain range in the vicinity of the peak Aborigen, at the settlement Vetrenyy on the Ola river (Kogure and Iwamoto, 1992); the Ushkanskiy range in the Maya river basin. The butterflies were met with at 1400-1700 m above sea level.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-25 mm. The wings are evenly black, in females with a reddish spot in the central part of the fore wing upperside. By the male genitalia this species is close to E. occulta and differs from the taxa of E. (fasciata) group..

T.l.: Alaska: the Seward Peninsula.

Alaska, the mountains of East and North-East Siberia, Pribaikalye, East and South Zabaikalye. A local species. Habitat: in the Kolyma basin: tundras; in the Suntar-Khayata mountain range: stony tundras, rocks at brook valleys, valley meadows and pebble banks at altitudes of 1000-1600 m. Flight: late June/July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-24 mm. Both sides of each wing are brown or dark-brown with a straight postdiscal row of yellow-brown or pale-brown roundish spots with or without oval black dots; on the fore wing underside the dots are usually reduced while the light spots are fused together into a common area, the hind wing underside is brownish-black, in males without bands in females with the traces of the dark discal band, the black postdiscal dots are partly or entirely reduced. In the male genitalia the valva is wider than in the similar species E. dabanensis and E. kozhantshikovi, usually with a well expressed "foot" bearing large teeth.

The taxon E. anyuica jacutia Dubatolov, 1992, has been described from the Suntar-Khayata mountain range, the author regarding the holotype of E. anyuica as a melanistic aberration and E. occulta to be conspecific to E. anyuica. We think that anyuica is an independent species and the taxon jacutia should be considered as the subspecies of E. occulta. Another subspecies, which will be soon described, is found in E. Zabaikalye, which differ from jacutia by wider fulvous spots on the fore wing.

T.l.: the Khamar-Daban mountain range.

Polar and Subpolar Ural, the Putorana Plateau, the mountains of East Siberia and the northern Far East; Alaska. A local species. Habitat: montane tundras of various kinds, subalpine meadows, open larch woods. The imagines are active in windless weather, the feeding on the flowers of Oxytropis, Ledum palustris, Dryas integrifolia was observed in Polar Ural. Flight: mainly in July.

Foodplants: Poaceae: Festuca.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-24 mm. On the wing upperside there is an even row of round black dots on brown spots on in a common postdiscal area; on the fore wing underside the corresponding dots are larger and are situated in a common brown postdiscal area; on the hind wing underside a dark discal band is seen. In the male genitalia the valva is wider than in E. kozhantshikovi, with a well expressed "foot" bearing large teeth. Similar species: E. occulta, E. kozhantshikovi. The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the mountains of S. Siberia and S. Yakutia; the subspecies troubridgei Dubatolov,1992 has been described from the Suntar-Khayata mountain range; the subspecies from Polar Ural is described below.

Erebia dabanensis olshvangi P. Gorbunov, sbsp. n.

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 20 mm. Both sides of the fore wing are dark-brown with four separate, diffuse on the underside, fulvous-brown spots centered with small black dots; both sides of the hind wing have three such spots; on the hind wing underside the postdiscal area is to some extent lightened due to greyish scales; the genitalia are analogous to those of other subspecies.

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The wing upperside is brown, the underside - greyish-brown; on the hind wing underside a light-grey postdiscal band is clearly expressed; the fulvous-brown pattern is similar with that of the holotype.

Generally the new subspecies is very variable. The length of the fore wing ranges between 17 and 22 mm. In males the fulvous spots on the upperside of both wings in 5-10 % of individuals are absent; on the fore wing underside they, however, never disappear entirely but sometimes (15-20 % of cases) they, appositely, are fused into a common band, but its width, as different from E. dabanensis troubridgei, as a rule does not exceed 2 mm.

MATERIALS: the holotype - Polar Ural, the railway station Krasnyy Kamen', the mountain Slantsevaya, 300-400 m above sea level, a montane lichen-fruticulose tundra, 20th July 1992 (P.Yu. Gorbunov leg.); the allotype - the same locality, 10th July 1988 (V.N. Olshvang leg.); paratypes: 7 males 4 females - the same locality, 10-12th July 1988; a male - the same locality, 5th July 1990; 4 males 3 females - 18-28th July 1992, the same locality.

ETYMOLOGY: the subspecies is named by the surname of Vladimir Nikolaevich Olshvang, a researcher at IEPA, an entomologist who for a long time investigated Polar Ural and collected a part of the type series of the subspecies described.

The holotype is kept in the collection of IEPA (Ekaterinburg).

T.l.: the Dzhugdzhur mountain range: the Dzhilinda river.

The north-east of Middle Siberia (the Olenek river), the Prilenskoe Plateau, East Siberia, Kamchatka (the settlement Esso), Chukotka, the eastern and southern Zabaikalye, recently found on Polar Ural (the station Krasnyy Kamen', V.N. Olshvang leg.); Alaska. A local species. Habitat: meadow patches at the tree-line, pebble banks of rivers, open larch woods on lowlands and on moderate altitudes. Flight: June/middle July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 18-20 mm. On the wing upperside there is a row of four black dots on brown spots, usually elongate lengthwise. The hind wing underside is brownish with a darker discal band, sometimes poorly expressed. In the male genitalia the valva has no "heel" and is narrower than in the similar species: E. occulta, E. dabanensis, with or without a "foot" (Table...).

T.l.: N. Altai.

Altai, the Kuznetskiy Alatau Mts., the Sayans, the adjacent piedmont lowlands of the southern West and Middle Siberia, W. Mongolia (Uver-Khangai aimak). Habitat: meadows in river valleys and on slopes within the montane forest and subalpine belts (in Altai this is the most common species in subalpine meadows), penetrates into alpine meadows. Flight: early or late June/middle August.

Imago: F.w.l.: 16-20 mm. The postdiscal band on the upperside of both wings consists of adjacent wide ochre-yellow or ochre-orange spots; on the fore wing the band consists of spots of different size; on the hind wing the first three spots strongly protrude to the wing base; the colouration of the underside is similar.

The taxon stubbendorfii Ménétriés, 1846, has been described from the environs of the town Kansk; the taxon lederi Goltz, 1930 - from Central Altai. Two new subspecies are described below.

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 18 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown; the postdiscal spots and the spot in the cell are brick-red. The underside is the same as the upperside, but with a greyish tint, which is more distinct along the wing margin; the fulvous postdiscal spots on the hind wing consist of four hardly noticeable dashes, the fringe is white with dark markings.

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 20 mm. The wing upperside as in the holotype, while the grey tint on the underside is much more pronounced; the yellowish postdiscal spots on the hind wing underside are smaller than on the fore wing (where they are fulvous) and smaller than in the holotype; the basal spots on the hind wing are small and hardly noticeable, as in the holotype.

The specimens of the type series vary in the colour of the spots and the intensity of the greyish tint on the wing underside.

MATERIALS: the holotype: the Novosibirsk region, the Kiternya river valley, a damp meadow, 21st June 1994 (V.V. Ivonin leg.); the allotype - the Novosibirsk region, the Bol'shoy Elbash river valley, a damp meadow, 20th June 1994 (V.V. Ivonin leg.). The paratypes: 17 males 8 females - the same locality, 20-24th June 1994; 5 males - The Novosibirs region, the village Novoselovo, a forest opening (V.V. Ionin leg.); 1 male - the Novokuznetsk city surroundings, the village Torgay, 24th June 1949 (A.E. Shtandel leg.); the Tomsk region, the village Nizhnie Sokoly a bogged meadow (G.S Zolotarenko leg.)

The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

The subspecies is named in the honour of Sergey Mikhaylovich Chugunov, a doctor of medicine at the Tomsk University, who in 1859-1920 compiled several annotated lists of Lepidoptera from various regions of Siberia.

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 19 mm. The wing upperside is brown with postdiscal bands composed of ochre-yellow spots and hardly noticeable spot in the cell; on the wing underside all the spots are bright and large, including the spot in the cell of the fore wing and the basal spots on the hind wing; the grey suffusion is well expressed in the basal area. The fringe is greyish, chequered.

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 19 mm. The wing upperside as in the holotype, the spot in the cell is well expressed; on the wing underside all the spots are bright and large; on the hind wing the basal spots and grey suffusion are well expressed.

The specimens of the type series vary in the size of the spots, especially of the basal spots of the hid wing underside. The fringe is brownish i some males.

MATERIALS: the holotype: the Gornaya Shoria mountain area, the Tuzukhsu river valley in the Tom' river headwaters, 5th July 1969 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); the Gornaya Shoria mountain area, the Sheregesh settlement environs, the mountain Pustag, 1300 above sea level, 13th July 1992 (V.V. Ivonin leg.). The paratypes: 21 males - the Tuzukhsu valley, 5th July 1969; 13 males 9 females - the same locality, 28th July 1969; 86 males 28 females - the Askaz river basin, Biringul', 24th June- 27th July 1969 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); 23 males - Khakassia, the Baza river headwaters, 17 and 24th July 1969 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); 4 males 2 females - the mountain Pustag, 113th July 1992 (V.V. Ivonin leg.)

The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

T.l.: "Yakutskaya Province": "Grande Sibagli"

The mountains of E. Siberia (including Pribaikalye) and the northern Far East, the mountains of Bureya, Alaska. A local species. Habitat: valley meadows, pebble banks, open larch woods, montane tundras. Flight: middle July/early August.

The preimaginal stages are studied in North America: Eggs: cream-white with red-brown spots; laid singly on the leaves of various grasses (Poaceae, Carex), and also Salix. Larva: fulvous-brown with a dark-brown line going along the back and three lengthwise lines of the same colour on either size; the rear segment of the body bears two small knobs. The larva hibernates twice.

Imago: F.w.l.: 17-19 mm. The postdiscal row on the upperside of both wings consists of isolated elongate ochre-orange spots of different sizes; on the hind wing underside the postdiscal row consists of 6-8 small ochre-orange spots or dots. In the male genitalia the uncus is not shorter than the tegumen; the length of dentate "foot" of the valva is less than 1/3 of its entire length (Table...) Similar species: E. theano, E. elwesi, E. brimo. The nominotypical subspecies ranges in the mountains of Pribaikalye and Central Yakutia; the subspecies herzi Christoph,1889 was reported for East Yakutia and the Far East; the taxon sajana Staudinger, 1891 (the East Sayan) seems to belong to this species as well.

Etymology: M. Pavlovskiy - a Russian traveler, in the middle of XIX century collected insects in Yakutia.

T.l.: Lake Baikal.

The mountains of S. Siberia eastwards to Pribaikalye. A local species. Habitat: highland meadows, dwarf birch tundras, montane open larch woods. Flight: July/early August.

Imago: F.w.l.: 16-18 mm. The postdiscal band on the upperside of both wings consists of ochre-orange spots of similar size; on the hind wing underside the postdiscal band, consisting of 7-8 ochre-orange spots, has smoothly curved edges; the spots on the hind wing underside are substantially smaller than those on the upperside. In the male genitalia the uncus is shorter than the tegumen; the length of the dentate "foot" of the valva is usually greater than 1/3 of its entire length (Table...) Similar species: E. pawlowskii, E. elwesi, E. kindermanni. This species is known under the name maurisius Esper, 1803, the type locality of the latter being specified as "Catarinanburg", that could mean Ekaterininsk on the Amur or Ekaterinburg in Ural, which both are far from the range of the species considered. For this reason we propose the name replacement.

It was considered that two forms of this species, a typical small and a large ones, occur in Altai. The latter should be named as elwesi Staudinger, 1901, that was reasoned by Warren (1936) (the name was suggested for a heterogenuous series partly consisting of the butterflies which had a priority name Erebia theanossp.?] stubbendorfii Ménétriés, 1847, that fixes automatically the name elwesi for "a large form of E. maurisius"). To our mind this is a good species, which is given below.

T.l.: Altai.

Central and SE. (Russian) Altai, the mountains of Tuva and Mongolia (?). A local species. Habitat: mostly highland steppes, pastures in river valleys and southern slopes, dry larch woods at altitudes 1600-2600 m. Flight: July/early August.

Imago: F.w.l.: 17-19 mm. The postdiscal band on the upperside of both wings consists of even ochre-orange spots, isolated or fused, its internal edge is smoothly curved; on the hind wing underside the postdiscal band consists of 7-8 ochre-orange spots or strokes which are smaller than on the upperside. In the male genitalia the uncus is not shorter than the tegumen; the length of the dentate "foot" of the valva is less than 1/3 of its entire length (Table...) Similar species: E. pawlowskii, E. brimo, E. kindermanni. The following taxa are probably belong to E. elwesi: approximata Warren, 1930 (the Korgonskiy mountain range in Altai) and connexa Warren, 1930 (Tuva).

Etymology: Henry John Elwes, F.R.S. - an English lepidopterologist (the main works are dated 1879-1906), who undertook a large journey on the Altai Mountains in 1898.

T.l.: Altai: the Kurchumskiy mountain range.

A local species endemic for Altai. Habitat: alpine meadows on highland plateau and in cirques, meadows at rock outcrops in the higher part of the forest belt, within altitudes of 1700-2600 m above sea level. The feeding of imagines was observed on Tripleurospermum ambiguum, Senecio turczhaninovi, Polygonum bistorta. Flight: late June/late August, depending on the locality.

Imago: F.w.l.: 15-17 mm. On the fore wing upperside between the base and an ochre-orange postdiscal band there is an ochre-brownish apex cut through by dark veins; on the hind wing underside there is a postdiscal row of 3-6 more or less quadrangular spots which may contain black spots. In the male genitalia the dorsal edge of the valva bears large teeth (Table....). Similar species: E. brimo, E. elwesi, E. kefersteinii. The subspecies sarytavica Lukhtanov, 1990, has been described from W. Altai.

Etymology: Albert Kindermann (1810-1860) collected Lepidoptera for many well-known lepidopterologists mostly in the Caucasus, Asia Minor and South Siberia.

T.l.: "E. Siberia".

The mountains of South Siberia and Mongolia, from Altai to the East Sayan. A local species. Habitat: alpine meadows, montane tundras with domination of the dwarf birch, Dryas, or grasses, mostly on south-exposed slopes, at 1900-2400 above sea level. The imagines actively visit flowering plants, such as Allium and Rhodiola rosea. Flight: July/early August.

Imago: F.w.l.: 15-17 mm. On the fore wing upperside between the base and an ochre-orange postdiscal band there is an ochre-brownish area cut through by dark veins; on the hind wing underside there are 3-4 black dots surrounded by diffuse roundish spots. In the male genitalia the dorsal edge of the valva bears fine teeth (Table....). Similar species: E. brimo, E. kindermanni. The subspecies kholsunica Lukhtanov, 1990, has been described from W. Altai (the Kholzun mountain range).

Etymology: Adolph Keferstein - a lepidopterologist from Erfurt, his main publications are dated 1818-1869.

T.l: USA: Colorado.

The mountains of S. Siberia and Mongolia from Altai to Kentei, E. Yakutia (the Cherskogo mountain chain), Kamchatka (the settlement Esso), N. America (the Rocky Mountains). A local species. Habitat: montane tundras formed by Kobresia, rocks on ridges, less frequently other types of montane tundras, larch parklands, pebble banks. Flight: July.

Probable foodplant: Kobresia.

Imago: F.w.l.: 14-16 mm. On the fore wing upperside there is a double apical ocellus in a diffuse brown area; the hind wing underside is ash-grey. The mountains of S. Siberia are inhabited by the subspecies altajana Staudinger, 1901; the Indigirka river basin - by tsherskiensis Dubatolov, 1992; the Mongolian subspecies simulata Warren, 1933, has been reported for the Tannu-Ola mountains.

T.l.: Altai: the Kurayskiy mountain range.

Altai (the Kurayskiy mountain range), the Kuznetskiy Alatau Mts. (the Sarala river), the West Sayan (the Saylyg-Khem-Tayga mountain range), the East Sayan (the settlement Mondy), Zabaikalye (the Sokhondo mountain), the mountains of North Siberia and the northern Far East (the Suntar-Khayata and Tas-Kystabyt mountain range, the settlement Madaun, the Aborigen river);the mountains of Bureya (the Ezop mountain range). A local species. Habitat: stony montane tundras, meadows and pebble banks in river valleys. The imagines were recorded in different sites from middle June to late July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 21-23 mm. On the fore wing upperside there is an even row of four oval black spots in a common ochre-brown area; the hind wing underside is dark-brown with inconspicuous bands.

The subspecies chajataensis Dubatolov,1992, has been described from the Suntar-Khayata range; the subspecies from the Kuznetskiy Alatau is described below:

HOLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 22 mm. Both wing sides are brown; the fore wing has a wide fulvous-brown postdiscal band, slightly tapering to the anal angle, with four oval black spots about 1 mm long; the hind wing has five fulvous spots three of which are centered with black dots.

ALLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 22 mm. The postdiscal band on the fore wing upperside is darker and bears smaller black dots. The paratypes have four of wide fulvous spots on the hind wing, of which one (in one specimen), three, four, or five being centered with black dots. In the nominotypical subspecies (the holotype being a female) the black spots on the fore wing are round and almost twice as large, the second from the bottom being almost thrice as large. Besides, in the butterflies from Altai there is a tiny black spot at the apex which is not situated in the same row with others, which is absent in all specimens from the Kuznetskiy Alatau. The hind wing in the new subspecies has four roundish reddish-fulvous spots, the two of which at the anal angle being centered with black dots.

MATERIALS: the holotype - the Kuznetskiy Alatau, the environs of the mountain Bobrovaya, 12th July 1975 (Yu.P. Korshunov leg.); the allotype - the same locality and date; paratypes: 5 males 1 female - the same locality, 9th July 1975; 4 males 2 females - the same locality, 12th July 1975; 4 males - the Sarala river valley, 7th July 1975; 4 males - the same locality, 25-26th June 1978.

Etymology: the name is derived from the Khakas word "khorym" - a scree.

The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

T.l.: the Austrian Alps: Steiermark.

The Alps, Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula, and the mountains of S. Siberia from Altai to Pribaikalye. A local species. Habitat: montane tundras with the dominance of Kobresia, Dryas, or the dwarf birch, alpine meadows among screes and rocks at 1900-2900 m above sea level. The imagines were observed to feed on the flowers of Callianthemum sajanense. Flight: late June/late July.

Foodplants: Poa and Festuca. Eggs: globular with numerous lengthwise ribs, straw-yellow. Larva: green with a dark back line and a black interrupted line on either side, set with short hairs; the head and spinules on the anal segment are red-brown. Pupa: greenish or ochre-coloured with brown abdomen, with stripes on the wing cases and two curved strokes on the head.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-22 mm. On the fore wing upperside there is a row of four round black spots in a common wide ochre-brown area; the hind wing underside is ash-grey with a darker discal band.

The subspecies orientalis Goltz, 1930, has been described for the mountains of S. Siberia, but this name was preoccupied by Erebia epiphron orientalis. For this reason we replace this name, following the Codex, by yernikensis Korshunov, 1995.

Ts.: Papilio hyperantus Linnaeus, 1758.

T.l.: Sweden.

The temperate Eurasia northwards to the middle taiga belt, the Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, Japan. Habitat: meadow patches in forests, pine woods, birch groves, open larch parklands, the lower part of the forest belt in the mountains. Imagines actively visit flowering plants (males less frequently than females). Flight: middle June/middle July.

Foodplants: Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Eggs: hemispheric with 40 inconspicuous ribs and fine reticulate sculpture; from yellowish to brownish-red in colour and covered with dark dots; they are scattered by a female over the foodplant. Larva: up to 30 mm in length, spindle-shaped, set with thin reddish hairs; whitish, grey, brownish-grey or greenish, with two black or brown streaks along the back, yellowish-white or white lines on the sides, and a brownish streak above grey prolegs; the spiracles are black; the head is small, conical, pale-brown with brown dots and four brown streaks; the anal segment is forked. Pupa: short and stout, with long wing cases and tiny cremaster, pale-brown with dark lengthwise streaks and spots.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-25 mm. The wing upperside is brown, the underside is yellowish-brown, both with large ocelli in the postdiscal area: three on the fore wing and five - on the hind wing.

The butterflies from Ural are close to the subspecies hyperanthana Strand, 1927; the subspecies sibirica Obraztzov, 1936, ranges in Siberia; the southern Far East, the Sakhalin, and South Kuriles are inhabited by the subspecies ocellatus Butler, 1882; from the Basargina island in the Peter the Great Bay the taxon insularis Kurenzov, 1966, has been described.

Ts.: Papilio arethusa [Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775.

A monotypical West-Palearctic genus.

T.l.: Austria.

S. Europe, W. Asia north-east to the forest-steppe of West Siberia, the Altai piedmonts and the intermontane hollows of Tuva. A local species. Habitat: meadows at the edges of pine woods and birch groves, steppefied mountain slopes, ravines, relic mountains. The imagines were observed feeding on the flowers of Scabiosa; like other steppen Satyrids, they often rest on the ground or stones with the wings closed, their underside colouration providing a good camouflage; being disturbed they swiftly get into the air, fly several metres away and hide on the ground again. Flight: July/middle August.

Foodplants: Poaceae, such as Festuca, Dactilis glomerata, Poa. Eggs are scattered over the foodplants by a flying female. The larva hibernates at early instars in a rolled grass leaf. Mature larva: bone-coloured, cream- or yellowish-brown with a reddish-yellow, margined with thin dark lines, stripe along the back and a yellowish streak and inconspicuous dark lines on either side. Pupa: pale-brown, stout, pointed caudally; it is hidden in the ground.

Imago: F.w.l.: 21-23 mm. The wing upperside is brown with yellow band or separate spots in the postdiscal area, the fore wing with one or two (the lower being very small) ocelli, the hind wing with one ocellus at the hind angle; the central area of the fore wing underside is ochre-coloured; the hind wing underside has a mottled brown pattern, the veins are not distinct.

Our territory is inhabited by the subspecies alpheois Fruhstorfer, 1908, stated from Ural'sk.

Ts.: Papilio hermione Linnaeus, 1764.

A Palearctic genus including about 15 species.

T.l.: Yugoslavia: Krayna.

S. Europe, reported by Eversmann (1844) for the Orenburg province without an exact locality. Habitat in the main range: openings and edges in broad-leaved forests. Flight: prolonged, late June/middle August.

Foodplants: Holcum, Brachypodium. Eggs: light-ochre, elongate-roundish, flattened at the apex. Larva: flesh-coloured with yellowish-grey, brown, or reddish-grey tint, with an interrupted back stripe which becomes distinct after the sixth segment, and a shade of the lateral stripe; the head is yellowish-grey with four to six inconspicuous dark streaks; the anal segment is forked. The larva is active at night, hibernates. Pupa: dark-brown with lighter wing cases; lies freely on the ground.

Imago: F.w.l.: 30-35 mm. The wing upperside in males is evenly brown, in females with a whitish postdiscal band suffused with dark scales; the fore wing underside in both sexes is greyish-brown with a whitish postdiscal band and, as a rule, a single black ocellus at the apex; on the hind wing underside the veins are dark.

From the adjacent regions of S. Europe the subspecies tetrica Fruhstorfer, 1907, is known.

T.l.: the south-east of the European Russia. The steppe and forest-steppe zone from Povolzhye to Priamurye (the Zeya river basin) and the Great Khingan, southwards to N. China. In the Ob' basin this species penetrates into the southern taiga subzone following steppefied plots in river valleys. Habitat: edges and openings of pine woods ["bory"] and birch groves ["kolki"] of the forest-steppe, steppefied hills, relic mountains, ravines in lowlands, and rocky steppes on southern slopes and in intermontane hollows in the mountains, up to 1800 m altitude (Tuva). Flight: July/middle August.

Foodplants: Poa is known; the eggs, according to observations by Yu.P. Korshunov, are attached to the base of grass bunches.

Imago: F.w.l.: 25-31 mm. The wing upperside in males is evenly brown, in females with an ochre postdiscal band (often with diffuse margins) which is split into separate spots on the fore wing; the hind wing underside is mottled, with the veins being white and conspicuous. The subspecies sibirica Staudinger, 1861, ranges in Zabaikalye and Priamurye.

T.l.: Sweden.

Europe. There is a report by E.A. Kulyginskiy on collecting this species in the Berdin district of the Chelyabinsk region (South Zauralye) in late June 1970-1981 in pine woods, but in the recent years this species has not been found there.

Foodplants: in Europe: Poaceae, such as Deschampsia, Elymus, Agropyron. Eggs: barrel-shaped, ribbed, yellowish-white, later become dull-grey. Larva: sand-coloured or grey-brown with dark stripes along the back, along the spiracles, and above the legs; the head is grey with four vertical dark strokes; the spiracles are brown; the anal segment is forked. The larva feeds at night and hides itself at daytime; it hibernates at the base of the foodplant bunch and pupates after hibernation, also at the foodplant base, in a loose cocoon. Pupa: short, stout, with the abdomen pointed.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wing upperside is brown with separate yellowish spots in the postdiscal area which are obscure in males, the fore wing with two ocelli; the hind wing underside is mottled, the veins being indistinct.

The subspecies volgensis Mazochin-Porshnjakov, 1952, ranges in Povolzhye, which is sometimes considered as a separate species.

T.l.: Germany: Berlin.

N. Africa, Asia Minor, S. Europe. From the territory considered, namely from the Chelyabinsk region, this species is known by three specimens collected on 26th of July 1979 (the collection of the Perm' University students) and 15th of July 1982 in the surroundings of the settlement Bredy (the collection of E.A. Kulyginskiy). Habitat in the main range: mostly forest-steppe meadows, pine wood edges, river bank bluffs. Flight: July.

Foodplants: Festuca ovina, Poa annua, Deshampsia caespitosa, Bromus, and some other Poaceae. Larva: clay-yellow with five similar wide dark lengthwise streaks; the head is brown; the spiracles are black. Pupa: brown, with prolonged wing cases.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-27 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown in males and greyish brown in females; the fore wing has two ocelli and two white spots between them; the hind wing underside is greyish, mottled, with a small black spot at the anal angle.

Ts.: Papilio actaea Esper,1780].

F.w.l.: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is brown or dark-brown; with two or three black ocelli with white or blueish pupils in the postdiscal area of the fore wing.

A Palearctic genus including more than ten species.

T.l.: Italy.

The Mediterranean, including N. Africa and Anterior Asia, the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Eurasia eastwards to the Zeya and Bureya Lowland (Blagoveshchensk) and southwards to Central Asia. A local species. Habitat: patches of typical steppes on edges of pine woods and birch groves, ravines, salines; in the mountains - on steppefied slopes, most frequently at rocks and cliffs. It was observed that a female choose a male among those who in turn fly to her from high grass or bushes where they sit around the female shelter. Flight: July/middle August.

Foodplants: Deschampsia caespitosa, Brachipodium, Bromus, and other Poaceae. Eggs: whitish with 12 longitudinal ribs. Larva: brown with a dark white-margined streak along the back and on either side, laterally of the back line there is a pair of dark lines; the head with six black streaks.

Imago: F.w.l.: 24-30 mm. The wing upperside is brown, in the postdiscal area of the fore wing there is two round black spots centered with white spots, two other white spots usually present between them; the hind wing underside is mottled; the antennal club is not compressed.

The intra-species systematics is not clear; the subspecies altaica Grum-Grzhimailo, 1893, has been described from the region of the city Semipalatinsk (East Kazakhstan); the taxon S. liupiunschani O. Bang-Haas, 1933, used to be reported, often as a separate species, for the mountains of S. Siberia.

T.l.: Yugoslavia: Krayna.

The temperate Eurasia northwards to the south taiga, the Sakhalin, the Kuriles, Japan. Habitat: various meadows, fallow lands, wasting lands, pastures, grassy montane slopes with tree groves or bushes. The feeding of imagines - on Trifolium, Apiaceae, Cirsium. Flight: late June/middle August.

Foodplants: Calamagrostis arundinacea, C. angustifolia, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Avena, Poa, Festuca, other Poaceae and also Cyperaceae. Eggs at first are yellowish, later become brown and, before hatching, grey; they are scattered among the foodplant bunches. The larvae hatch in autumn and hibernate after the second molt at stem bases or under the leaf fall. Mature larva: yellowish-grey or brownish with three thin double black lines along the back and two dark lengthwise streaks on either side; there is dark dashes on the head; the anal segment is forked. Pupa: brown with lighter wing cases and brownish-grey abdomen; it lies freely among plant residues.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown; in the postdiscal area of the fore wing there is two large black ocelli centered with violet dots.

In Ural and Siberia the subspecies septentrionalis Wnukowsky, 1929 ranges; ssp. bipunctatus Motschulsky, 1860 - in Primorye and the Sakhalin; ssp. kurilensis Matsumura, 1929 has been described from the Kunashir island.

Ts.: Papilio briseis Linnaeus, 1764.

A Palearctic genus with more than ten species.

T.l.: Germany.

N. Africa, S. Europe, W. Asia northwards to the forest-steppe of W. Siberia and the Altai. Habitat: meadow patches in pine woods, birch groves, along wing-breaking stripes, and also steppes on plains and at ravines, hill slopes, rock outcrops, in the mountains - on steppefied slopes and in intermontane hollows. Flight: July/September.

Foodplants: Festuca, Stipa capillata, Poa, Sesleria, and other Poaceae. Eggs: barrel-shaped with 15 longitudinal ribs and weak transversal wrinkling, snow-white. Larva: stout, yellowish-grey with a wide interrupted dark-grey stripe along the back and light lines laterally of it and on the sides; the spiracles are dark; the anal segment with two small spinules. Pupa: dark, glossy-brown with a dark streak along the head; placed on the ground at the grass bases.

Imago: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown, almost black, with a contrasted white band, which on the fore wing consists of a contiguous row of separate spots and include two ocelli; on the hind wing underside at the apex there are two brown spots on a light-grey background.

The butterflies from S. Ural and W. Siberia are attributed to the subspecies major Oberthur, 1876.

T.l.: SE. of the European Russia.

SE. Europe, the south of Ural and W. Siberia, Altai. The species has been erroneously reported by Grum-Grzhimailo (1911) for the town Kyakhta in Zabaikalye. A local species. Habitat: openings and edges of pine woods and birch groves, patches of steppe, mountain slopes. The females are capable to not distant migrations and so used to be recorded in other open biotopes. Flight: prolonged, middle June/August.

Foodplants: Poaceae.

Imago: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is brownish-black with a contrasted white band, which on the fore wing consists of an interrupted row of separate spots of different sizes, and include two ocelli; on the hind wing underside the light veins are contrasted on a mottled brownish background. Females with ochre-orange colour of the band are known from Ural.

T.l.: W. Altai: the Bukhtarma river.

The mountain regions of E. Kazakhstan and Central Asia. This species has been reported for many cites of W. Altai; Elwes (1899) had reported it, based on the collections of Kindermann and Ruckbeil, for "Altai" without an exact locality. In recent times this species has not been reported from the territory of Russia. Habitat: steppefied hill tops and slopes in piedmont areas. Flight: July/middle August.

Imago: 20-27 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown with a contrasted white band, on the fore wing it consists of a contiguous row of separate spots and include two ocelli, the cell with contains a large white spot.

Etymology: Heydenreich - a German lepidopterologist known as the author of the catalogue of European Lepidoptera (1851).

T.l.: S. Ural: Orenburg.

Spain (The Sierra-Nevada mountains) , Anterior and Central Asia, the south of Ural and West Siberia, SE. [Russian] Altai (the surroundings of the villages Chagan-Uzun and Kosh-Agach, the Buguzun river headwaters on the Chikhacheva range), Tuva (the surroundings of the city Kyzyl and the villages Ak-Dovurak and Ayangaty, the southern piedmonts of the East Tannu-Ola mountain range, the Tes-Khem river), the southern Zabaikalye (Kyakhta, Lake Gusinoe),the mountains of E. Kazakhstan and W. Mongolia. A local species. Habitat: openings and edges of pine woods ["bory"], steppefied areas at ravines, on mountain slopes. Flight: July/August.

Foodplants: Poaceae.

Imago: 23-33 mm. The wing upperside is greyish-brown with a contiguous and clear-cut postdiscal band; which on the fore wing contains two round black spot.

The subspecies pallida Staudinger, 1901, has been described from Altai, which in recent times often considered as a separate species.

Ts.: Papilio norna Becklin in Thunberg, 1791.

F.w.l.: 19-31 mm. The wing ground colour varies from ochre-yellow to brown; a marbled pattern and a dark discal band, sometimes hardly detectable, are characteristic for the hind wing underside. These butterflies rarely visit flowers, most of the time they rest on the stones, grass, or the ground. Being frightened, they get into the air and speed several metres away. Trying to chase out any butterfly appearing near, they exhibit a fine example of the territorial behaviour. In the North the flight period is very short, in many species it coincides with the flowering of Ledum palustre. A very high degree of individual and geographical variation, which concerns also the genitalia structure, is a characteristic feature of the representatives of this genus. As being predominantly northern and highland butterflies, they remain rather poorly studied, so, taking into account such a wide range of their variation, a considerable systematic problems inevitably arise. Up to day numerous taxa (species, subspecies, and ecologic forms) have been described in the genus, their status being a subject of great controversy. The preimaginal stages of the majority of species are still unknown.

T.l.: Povolzhye.

SE. Europe, Middle and South Ural, Kazakhstan, the south of Siberia east to Zabaikalye (the Sokhondinskiy nature reserve), Mongolia, N. China. A local species. Habitat: virgin steppe areas in lowlands and gentle mountain slopes, steppefied meadows; in the mountains reaches a level of 2300 m; along steppefied sections of river valley locally (e.g. near the city Tobol'sk) penetrates into the southern taiga subzone. Flight: late May/late June, in highlands sometimes until late July.

Foodplants: Poa, Festuca. Eggs (according to observations of P.Yu. Gorbunov): white, later become beige, oval-shaped, 1-1.3 mm in diameter, with 16 longitudinal ribs and a dark apical dot; laid singly at the foodplant bunch base. The first instar larva: greyish with five brownish lengthwise streaks on the back; the anal segment with two conspicuous spines; the head with black dots. Hibernation probably occurs at the pupal stage.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. The wing upperside is ochre or ochre-brown with a postdiscal row of relatively large oval black spots on each wing; the basal half of the hind wing underside is brownish with the light veins cutting through, the internal edge of the discal dark band is distinctly seen. Similar species: Oeneis lederi.

S. Alpheraky has described the variety lederi Alpheraky,1897 (= grossi Eitschberger et Lukhtanov, 1994, syn. n.) on a heterogenous series collected by H. Leder in the Irkut valley and at the town Urga. The series contained specimens of a light form of Oe. tarpeia, which is connected with arid areas, and smaller sand-coloured individuals, which appeared to be another species. (Noteworthy is that S. Alpheraky did not mentioned any variation in the wing span, and the taxon lederi was always considered as a form or aberration in all basic literature sources, say, Seitz (1909)). In 1982 the butterflies of this species from Mongolia and Tuva were specially described under the name Oe. sapozhnikovi by Yu. P. Korshunov. He knew that such specimens were among the type series of lederi, but they had not received proper attention of S. Alpheraky who missed their being a distinct species.

T.l.: Mongolia: the Kerulen river bsi, Mugen Mor't.

Tuva (the environs of the city Kyzyl, the settlement Erzin, the Sangilen mountain area), the Tunkin intermontane hollow, N. Mongolia (Central and Dzabkhan aimaks). Habitat: mountain slopes with meadow-steppe herbage, steppes with Caragana bushes in intermontane hollows, sands. Flight: middle May/middle June.

Imago: F.w.l.: 19-21 mm. The wing upperside is sand-coloured (pale ochre-yellow) with postdiscal black spots, which are oval in females and usually round in males; on the hind wing underside the marble pattern consists of light and brown scales, the whitish veins are distinct; the discal dark band is not distinct. Similar species: Oe. tarpeia.

Etymology: Vasiliy Vasilievich Sapozhnikov (1861-1924) - an outstanding botanist and geographist, an explorer of the mountains of South Siberia.

T.l.: Zabaikalye.

The mountains of S. Sibiria, E. Sibiria (except for the extreme North), the Zeya basin, Mongolia, NE. China. A local species. Habitat: steppes, steppefied meadows; locally reaches the southern tundras occurring on south-exposed slopes; in the mountains rises to 2500 m altitude (Central Altai) where inhabits montane tundras; besides, in Priamurye and northwards inhabit larch forests and raised bogs. Flight: mainly in June, in the mountains locally lasts to late July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-25 mm. The wing upperside is ochre or, rarely, ochre-brown; the brown discal dark band on the hind wing underside is cut through by light veins, its outer edge being strongly but smoothly bent. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed in the mountains of South Siberia; the butterflies from N. Pribaikalye are described below:

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 23 mm. The wing upperside is bright pale-brown, the apex and the outer margin of the fore wing are darkened, between the transversal vein and the apex there is an ocellus with a pupil; the fringe is chequered; the hind wing in the submarginal area contains three dots between the veins. The wing underside is mottled due to a marble pattern, the light veins are distinct, especially on the hind wing; the postdiscal area of the fore wing contains three, that of the hind wing - four ocelli with white pupils; the discal band on the hind wing is dark-brown, with a conspicuous rounded prominence behind the cell. The shape of the uncus and the valva process and the structure of the aedeagus are somewhat different from those in Oe. sculda sculda (Table...).

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 26 mm. The wing upperside is brown, lighter than in the male; the fore wing has an ocellus at the apex and another one at the anal angle; all the ocelli are centered with white pupils; the wing underside resemble that of the male as being equally bright.

MATERIALS: the holotype - the Verkhneangarskiy mountain range, the surroundings of the town Severobaikal'sk, 16th June 1988 (Vadim Ivonin leg.); the allotype - the same date and locality; paratypes - two females - 16th and 19th June 1988, the same locality.

The subspecies is named in the honour of Vadim Vasilievich Ivonin who participated in numerous expeditions in Siberia and the Far East and collected the type series.

The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

T.l.: Mongolia: SW. Kentei.

The species has been described on the materials collected by P.K. Kozlov's expedition in Mongolia. In 1991 it has been found out by V.V. Dubatolov and V. Zinchenko in E. Zabaikalye in the valley of the Verkhniy Bukukun river, which is a tributary of the Onon. Habitat: glades, open tree stands, roads, boggy areas in larch and Siberian stone pine/larch forests. In Mongolia the imagines were observed in late May and early June, in Zabaikalye - in late June and first days of July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 20-21 mm. The wing upperside is evenly pale-ochre, without any pattern; the hind wing underside is entirely covered with a marbled pattern consisting of separate brownish spots; the discal band is hardly noticeable.

T.l.: the Amur.

The mountains of S. Siberia, the Prilenskoe Plateau, E. Siberia (except for the extreme North), Upper and Middle Priamurye, West Primorye, Mongolia, NE. China. A local species, more common in the eastern range and rare in the west (Altai). Habitat: steppes, steppefied meadows on southern slopes and intermontane hollows; in the southern Far East - damp Calamagrostis meadows. Flight: mainly in June. On the Saylyugem mountain range (Altai) the imagines were observed on highland plateau up to 3000 m above sea level; in the Khandyga river headwaters they occurred on raised bogs until early August. The main flight period in lowland steppes is in June.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-28 mm. The wing pattern is very variable; the upperside may be from ochre-brown with dark veins to dark-brown with brown spots in the postdiscal area; the pattern of the hind wing underside is contrasted: the dark discal band is either distinct or split by clear-cut dark markings, thin white veins are clearly seen on it, the postdiscal area as a rule contains four small ocelli. Similar species: Oe. brunhilda.

For the Ochot coastal mountains the subspecies dzugdzuri Sheljuzhko,1929, has been described, the similar butterflies range in Yakutia. The taxon coriacea Seitz, 1909 has been described from the Yablonovyy mountain range in Akutia.

T.l.: N. Mongolia: the Hubsugul aymak ("Schavyr").

S. Tuva (abundant in the surroundings of the settlement Erzin, the Khayyrakan mountains at the village Moren) and the adjacent areas of Mongolia. Habitat: steppes on mountain slopes and in valleys. Flight: July.

By many features this taxon is close to O. nanna, differing by a lighter ochre-orange wing ground colour and, in average, greater size: F.w.l.: 25-29 mm. For the corroboration of its species status further study is necessary.

T.l.: Zabaikalye: Dauria.

The mountains of S. Siberia (in Altai known only from the Tongosh mountain range), the southern Far East, Mongolia, NE. China, Korea. Habitat: steppes, within the forest zone - steppefied detritus slopes, rock outcrops in river valleys. Flight: June in the majority of regions, in S. Primorye and Zabaikalye the flight starts in middle May; at the Mana river (the surroundings of Krasnoyarsk) the imagines occurred in late June and early July; they visited the flowers of Valeriana, Goniolimon speciosum.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-26 mm. The wing upperside is ochre-yellow or brown (f. umbra Staudinger) with dark ocelli in the postdiscal area. On the hind wing underside the brownish discal dark band is not cut through by light veins, its outer edge being strongly but smoothly bent. The aberration banghaasi Austaut, 1908, has been described from the Sayans; later the subspecies trimbomi Bryk, 1946 has been stated for the surroundings of Krasnoyarsk; the subspecies laeta Austaut, 1908 inhabits the southern Far East.

T.l.: Altai: 30 miles south of Kosh-Agach.

SE. [Russian] Altai, SW. Tuva, the Ubsu-Nur Hollow, W. Mongolia. Habitat: steppefied mountain slopes, rock outcrops, dry larch parklands up to an altitude of 2600 m. Flight: late May/late June, depending on the locality. According to observations by V. Zinchenko in Central Tuva, the imagines flew during May on steppefied areas with rock outcrops, together with Pontia chloridice. They did not visit flowers but rested on flat stones, hiding in their shade in a hot weather.

F.w.l.: 20-25 mm. The wing upperside is pale-greyish-brown with wide pale-yellow postdiscal bands, to some extent obscure on the male fore wing; on the fore wing there is a relatively large oval black ocellus in males and three ones in females, the upper of which being the largest.

The taxon tannuola Bang-Haas, 1927 (= solanikovi Kurenzov, 1970), has been described from the Shavryn-Gol river headwaters in Mongolia (the surroundings of the old Chinese fort Shavyr). This name is misleading, since even the Eastern Tannu-Ola mountain range is situated much more west than the type locality. The butterflies from the Tuvinskaya Hollow and the surrounding mountains differ by external characters, genitalia structure, and habits, so they are described below as anew subspecies.

Etymology: Henry John Elwes , F.R.S. - an English lepidopterologist, who undertook a large journey on the Altai Mountains in 1898.

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 23 mm. The wing upperside is brownish-grey (darker than in ssp. tannuola), the outer margin of the fore wing has light patches between the veins; the sex brand is bright and occupy a part of the cell and some area outside it, there is a black oval spot at the apex. On the hind wing a light postdiscal area, an oval black spot at the anal angle, and a black dot above it are distinct. The fore wing underside is ash-grey with a black oval spot at the apex; the hind wing underside has a marble pattern and a figured black discal band (its shape differing from other subspecies) which is fused with a dark scale suffusion at the wing base. The fringe is white (in O. elwesi - chequered).

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 24 mm. The internal half of the fore wing upperside is brown, the external - sand-coloured with a dark marginal rim; the postdiscal area contains three large oval black spots; on the hind wing this area contains two black spots (in other female paratypes they are reduced to dots or missing at all). On the hind wing upperside the black oval spots also present; the hind wing underside has a marble pattern, the postdiscal area being more heavily suffused with dark scales.

The butterflies of the type series are very variable in size (there are three among 29 females and ten among 110 males which are 1.5-2 times as small as the holotype or allotype, respectively!), general colouration, and the structure of the genitalia. The males other than holotype has 2-3 black ocelli on the fore wing upperside (the upper is always larger) and always one apical spot on the fore wing underside (sometimes black dots can be seen beneath). In some males the wings are rather dark, but light areas are always retained, which sometimes contain orange or even red-brown scales.

MATERIALS: the holotype: Tuva, the surroundings of the city Kyzyl, the mountains at the Ulug-Khem river right bank in the vicinity of the mouth of the Kaa-Khem river, 10th May 1988 (V. Zinchenko leg.); the allotype - the same locality, 13th May 1988; paratypes: 8 females - the same locality, 8-13th May 1988; 1 male 1 female - the same locality, 20th May 1989; 94 males 26 females - the same locality, 7-20th May 1990 (V. Zinchenko, V. Dubatolov leg.); a female - Tuva, the Ulug-Khem district, 10 km east of the town Shagonar, 10th May 1990 (V. Zinchenko leg.)

The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

T.l.: the Omsukchanskiy mountain range.

The species is known by few specimens collected on the spurs of the Kolymskiy mountain chain (the Omsukchanskiy mountain range, the Bilibino settlement, the Anadyr' river), and also in the northern Alaska and the extreme north-west of Canada. The imagines were recorded for rocky montane tundras in June and early July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-25 mm. The wing upperside is brown with a wide ochre postdiscal band. The hind wing underside has a contrasted dark band margined with white et either side and a "jety" pattern at the outer margin.

T.l.: Lapland.

The forest and forest-tundra zones of Eurasia, including the piedmont regions, the Sakhalin. Habitat: open bogged up forests, raised bogs, dwarf birch tundras. The imagines are cautious, they rest exclusively on the tree trunks. Flight: June in the southern range, in the north it continues until the end of August.

Foodplants in Scandinavia: Molinia caerulea, Glyceria, Scirpus caespitosus, Carex, Eriophorum, Juncus. Eggs: cream-white, thimble-shaped, ribbed longitudinally, laid in the vicinity of the foodplant bunches. Mature larva: cigar-shaped, 35-38 mm in length, pale ochre-brown with lengthwise dark-brown streaks; the head is brown; the anal segment is forked. Pupa: roundish, greenish-yellow or sand-coloured; with black specks and streaks on the wing cases; it lies singly on the ground.

Imago: F.w.l.: 24-31 mm. The wing upperside is brown, the postdiscal band consists of separate ochre-brown spots and contains oval black blind ocelli: 2-4 on the fore wing and 0-2 on the hind one. The hind wing underside is ash-grey with pale discal band. On the lower vein forming the cell on the fore wings of males there is a distinct dark sex-brand. In the male genitalia the valva is smoothly tapering to the apex, about a half of its dorsal margin bears large teeth (Table...).

A variable species. The subspecies kryzhanowskii Sedych, 1977, described from Polar Ural, and sibirica Kurenzov, 1970, described from the Magadan region, are close to the nominotypical subspecies; the subspecies gigantea Austaut, 1911 inhabits North and Middle Ural and the forest zone of West Siberia; the butterflies from the mountains of South Siberia and Priamurye resemble the subspecies sachalinensis Matsumura, 1927, described from the Sakhalin.

F.w.l.: 24-31 mm. The hind wing underside is marbled; the discal band usually is rather distinct, its outer margin lacks sharp angles; the males have no sex-brand. In the male genitalia the valva is smoothly tapering to the apex, about a half of its dorsal margin bears teeth of intermediate size (Table...).

T.l.: the Amur: the village Pokrovka.

The North of Middle Siberia, East Siberia, the eastern part of the South Siberian mountains westwards to the East Sayan, the Far East, the Shantarskie islands, Mongolia, NE. China; recently discovered on Polar Ural (from the stations Krasnyy Kamen' to the station Kharp). A local species. Habitat: bogged up or dry open larch forests in valleys, on montane slopes and plateau up to "goltsy" - i.e. highland zone (upwards of the tree-line), where the species inhabit stony mountain tundra. The imagines often visit flowering plants. Flight: middle June/middle July in the majority of regions.

Foodplants: Poaceae and Carex. Eggs (according to observations by P.Yu. Gorbunov in Polar Ural): beige-coloured, oval, with wrinkles grouped into longitudinal ribs. The first instar larva: beige-coloured with a brown lines on the back and along either side, there is a narrower line of the same colour between them, a light stripe goes along the spiracles; the end of the body bears two blunt knobs. The larva is little-mobile and develops slowly.

Imago: F.w.l.: 25-31 mm. The wing upperside is brown, the postdiscal band consists of separate or fused ochre or ochre-brown spots, usually contains oval black blind ocelli: 1-4 on the fore wing and 0-2 on the hind one. The discal band on the hind wing underside usually is not contrasted with the ground colour. A number of clear-cut subspecies is known: magna Graeser, 1888: the southern Far East; transbaikalica Kurenzov, 1970: the E. Sayan, Pribaikalye, Zabaikalye; magadanica Kurenzov, 1970: Taymyr, Yakutia and the Magadan region; kamtschatika Kurenzov, 1970: Kamchatka. The specimens from the Putorana Plateau have been described below as a separate subspecies, which, probably, ranges also in Polar Ural.

HOLOTYPE: a male. F.w.l.: 26 mm. The fore wing upperside is brown with a dark outer margin and a dark apex (that, as a rule, is not met with in other subspecies), there are a black dot at the apex and, below it, two smaller dots on fulvous spots; on the hind wing upperside the fulvous band occupies its outer part almost entirely, it contains two black dots at the anal angle. The fringe is chequered, black-and-white. The fore wing underside is evenly brown with greyish apex and a black dot near it; the hind wing underside is covered with a marble pattern, the light scales concentrating at the outer margin of the discal band and at the wing base above the cell.

Other males have the same black dots or lack them, while one of them has large black ocelli, as in a female.

ALLOTYPE: a female. F.w.l.: 27 mm. The wing upperside is brighter than in males, the fulvous spots on the fore wing are fused into a band. The black spots present and centered with white pupils on both wing sides; the fore wing apex has a marble pattern underside; the hind wing underside is brighter than in males.

MATERIALS: the holotype - the Putorana Plateau, the middle reaches of the Rybnaya river, 19th July 1978 (D.I. Pupavkin leg.); allotype - the same locality, a larch taiga, 12th July 1978; paratypes: 1 male 1 female - the same locality, forest-tundra, 7-12th July 1978; 12 males 2 females, the same locality, 15-27th July 1978; a male - the same locality, 20th July 1992.

Etymology: the subspecies is named and dedicated to the memory of Dmitriy Maksomovich Pupavkin, a forest entomologist and an explorer of Siberia in 70s-80s years.

The holotype and allotype are kept in the collection of ISEA (Novosibirsk).

T.l.: Altai: Onguday.

The mountains of South Siberia westwards of Pribaikalye, Mongolia. Habitat: openings, glades, damp meadows in montane forests, at 400-1600 m altitudes. In Mongolia the imagines were observed on montane meadows at the forest lower limit, in the Darkhat Hollow - together with the butterflies corresponding to O. magna kurentzovi. Flight: mainly late June/early July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 24-29 mm. The species differs from Oe. (magna) magna by a wider ochre postdiscal band on the hind wing upperside and a more contrasted pattern on the hind wing underside with a conspicuous discal band.

The butterflies from Pribaikalye were described under the name staudingeri Austaut, 1909.

T.l.: the East Tannu-Ola mountain range: the settlement Shurmak.

The only male known has been discovered on 6th of July, 1971, on a steppefied slope at the settlement Shurmak, the female - on 20th July, 1972, on the pass from the Durgen river to Lake Kara-Khol'.

Imago: F.w.l.: 26-27 mm. The wing upperside is brown with an ochre postdiscal band 4-5 mm wide and oval black spots on it: the male has 5 spots on the fore wing and 4 ones on the hind wing; the female has 3 spots and 2 small dots on the fore wing and 2 spots on the hind wing. The pattern of the hind wing underside is generally characteristic for the species group: the area externally of the light discal band is mottled; the thick pale-brown veins are distinct (their colour being due to their own chitin, not of scales) veins are distinct; the fringe is chequered. The structure of male genitalia differs in detail from those of Oe. (magna) magna and Oe. (magna) dubia.

Etymology: Boris Stepanovich Yudin (1928-1986) - a well-known Siberian theriologist, the head of the Zoological museum of ISEA (Novosibirsk) in 60s-80s years.

F.w.l.: 21-29 mm. The wing upperside is brown, without a postdiscal band, only small pale-brown or ochre spots can be present. On the hind wing underside there is an intensive marbled pattern on the hind wing underside, often masking the discal band, especially its internal border. In the male genitalia the valva is smoothly tapering to the apex, about a half of its dorsal margin bears fine teeth, the subunci are about twice as short as the uncus.

T.l.: USA: the mountains of the Washington State.

Polar, Subpolar, and North Ural, the mountains of the northern Siberia, the Far East; reported by A.V. Sviridov (1979) for the mountains of Bureya (the Selemdzha river), North America. A local species. Habitat: rocky montane tundras, ridges, rocks, and screes in the alpine zone, open larch woods close to the tree-line. The butterflies were observed to feed on Ledum palustris. Flight: middle June/late July, depending on the locality.

Foodplant: Carex is known, in captivity the caterpillars ate also Poaceae. Eggs: white, after beige-coloured, barrel-shaped with 24 ribs. The imagines are very variable (see the characters of the group).

Three subspecies range in Eurasia: karae Kuznetzov, 1925: Polar Ural; orientalis Kurenzov, 1970: E. Yakutia and the Magadan region; also Boisduval, 1832: the Wrangel island, Chukotka, Kamchatka.

This species is also known under the name melissa F. However, since the type series of this species is missing and the description is very brief, for this reason the name O. semidea, which has been stated properly, should be used.

T.l.: the East Sayan.

The East Sayan, Pribaikalye, the Stanovoe Nagorye upland, NE. Mongolia. A local species. Habitat: rocky tundras, tundrous parklands in brook headwaters at the altitudes of 1700-2500 m. The imagines were observed from the middle of June to the late July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 24-26 mm. As compared with Oe. (semidea) semidea, the teeth on the valvae are larger and the subunci are more thin.

F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wing upperside is grey-brown or brown, usually with vague ochre postdiscal spots. On the hind wing underside the basal half or the entire wing is dark with a marble pattern. In the male genitalia the subunci are less than one-third of the uncus length; the dorsal margin of the valva is uneven, with several rows of teeth in its apical part..

T.l.: Altai: the Kuraiskiy mountain range, the village Aktash.

West and Central Altai (including also "NE. Altai" in Russian tradition), the West Sayan, the mountains of West Tuva. A local species. Habitat: detritus ridges with sparse alpine vegetation (dwarf birches and willows, bunches of Rhodiola, rags of Dryas oxyodontha), stony mountain slopes at altitudes of 1800 - 3000 m. Flight: in different localities from late May to late July, depending on altitude and slope exposition; in Altai mostly late June/early July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-25 mm. The wings are usually semitransparent, their upperside is greyish-brown; in the postdiscal area of the hind wing in males and of the both wings in females there is a diffuse yellowish band; the proximal part of the hind wing underside is occupied by a vast dark area, usually with indistinct margin. In the male genitalia the valva apex is blunt, about a half of its dorsal margin is toothed, the subunci are short, about thrice as short as the uncus (Table...). Similar species: Oe. sarala.

T.l.: the Kuznetskiy Alatau mountains (the Sarala river); and the West Sayan (the Saylyg-Khem-Tayga mountain range).

The species is known by three specimens of the type series only. They were collected in July: in a montane dwarf birch tundra at the Bobrovaya mountain in the headwaters of the Sarala river, and on a detritus ridge with bunches of the dwarf birches on the Sayanskiy Pass (the West Sayan), together with Boloria, Driopa eversmannii, Parnassius phoebus, and Oeneis aktashi.

Imago: F.w.l.: 22-24 mm. The wing upperside is chocolate-brown, the fore wing apicallly with a dot in an ochre spot, the hind wing with ochre-brown postdiscal spots; on the wing underside in females the ochre-brown band is diffuse, in males it is indistinct; the fringe is dark. In the male genitalia the valva is nearly bottle-shaped, a half of its dorsal margin bearing tiny teeth (Table...). Similar species: Oe. aktashi.

F.w.l.: 21-26. The wing upperside is evenly coloured, as a rule without ocelli or ochre spots in the postdiscal area. The hind wing underside is light-coloured with a dark discal band. In the male genitalia the dorsal edge of the valva bears as a rule a large blunt tooth at the base and a row of small teeth closer to the apex (Table...).

T.l.: Lapland.

The polar areas of Europe, Polar and Subpolar Ural, the Yamal, peninsula, the tundras of Chukotka and N. America. Found by P.Yu. Gorbunov at the Lena mouth, reported by K.F. Sedyk (1979) for Kamchatka (the mountain Aga). Habitat: various types of montane and zonal tundras, raised bogs, praetundral larch woods. The imagines were reported to feed on Polygonum bistorta, Oxytropis, Ledum palustris.

According to observations by A.G. Tatarinov and P.Yu. Gorbunov, on the damp dwarf birch or mossy tundras of the eastern slope of the Polar Ural there occurs a dark-brown form of Oe. bore, with a contrasted dark band on the hind wing underside, which resembles a curved bush twig (such twigs are usually used by resting butterflies as perches). A ochre-coloured form, with marbled pattern and weakly expressed discal band on the hind wing, is more frequent on the western slope. These butterflies keep to detritus hills with sparse xerophyte grass, they tend to rest usually on the detritus ground and are characterized by more swift flight.

Foodplants: Festuca ovina and Carex are known. Eggs: white, later become beige-coloured, wrinkled and ribbed longitudinally. The first instar larva: ash-grey with a brown lengthwise stripe on the back and on either side and a narrower line of the same colour between the dorsal and lateral stripe and above the legs and prolegs; the head is yellowish-brown. Mature larva: up to 40 mm in length, ochre-yellow with an interrupted brown streak on the back and a wide stripe of the same colour on either side. The head is small, greyish-yellow, with six dark narrow vertical lines and small ocelli. The larva usually hibernates twice. Pupa: yellowish-green with brown specks on the abdomen and a pale streaks along the back and spiracles; lies freely on the ground. The imagines are very variable. F.w.l.: 21-25 mm. The wing upperside vary from ochre-yellow to brown. The hind wing underside is as a rule densely speckled with brown marble marking.

On the materials by I. Escholtz from the northern Europe and Siberia the taxon bootes Boisduval, 1832 is described. Most probably, this name should be applied to a dark subspecies of O. bore, ranging in Transuralia and the northern Siberia.

T.l.: Altai.

Altai, the Sayans, the mountains of Tuva and W. Mongolia. A local species. Habitat: montane tundras and alpine meadows at the altitudes of 2000-3000 m. Flight: late June/August.

Imago: F.w.l.: 21-24 mm. The hind wing underside is not speckled with brown marbled pattern; the dark-brown discal band is strongly contrasted.

The subspecies alda Austaut, 1908, has been described from E. Sayan.

T.l.: the Vitim river.

The Vitim river, the mountains in the headwaters of the Yana and Indigirka rivers. Habitat: montane tundras in the vicinity of the tree-line, bogged up open larch woods, valley meadows and pebble banks. Flight: late June/late July.

As compared with O. (bore) bore, the imagines of this species are larger (F.w.l.: 24-26 mm); the valva apex is stretched out into a less extent. The wing upperside is pale-ochre-brown.

T.l.: Central Yakutia: the settlement Khaptagay.

A rare species described by a male collected on 7th June 1973 on the Prilenskoe Plateau (the settlement Khaptagay), later, on 26th June 1981, a female was collected by V.V. Dubatolov on dry meadows in the settlement Megino-Aldan surroundings.

Imago: F.w.l.: 26-27 mm. The wing upperside is brown, a postdiscal band consisting of diffuse ochre-brown spots is noticeable in females, there are 1-2 black ocelli in the postdiscal area of the fore wing, and another one - at the anal angle of the hind wing. On the hind wing underside the dark-brown discal band is contrasted. In the male genitalia the valva is bottle-shaped with a "neck" about 1/3 of the valva length; the large tooth at the middle of the valva dorsal edge is absent in the holotype. (Table...).

F.w.l.: 21-35 mm. The wing upperside vary in colour from ochre to brown; a lighter postdiscal band is well expressed or into some extent reduced. An angular dark discal band, bordered at either side with lighter scales, is distinct on the hind wing underside. In the male genitalia the valva is bottle-shaped, its apex and the dorsal edge at the apex are covered with tiny teeth (Table....).

This is the most taxonomically complicated group which demands a reconsideration.

T.l.: Lapland.

The polar regions of Europe, the mountains of Polar, Subpolar, and North Ural. A local species. Habitat: dry stony, lichen, and grassy tundras in brook and river valleys, stony slopes. Flight: late June/early August.

Foodplants in Scandinavia: Carex, Nardus, Phleum, Poa alpina. Eggs: white. later become greyish, oval-shaped with 20-22 longitudinal ribs. Larva: olive-yellow with a narrow reddish-brown back stripe and pale violet-brown lateral lines; hibernates twice. The imagines are very variable. F.w.l.: 21-26 mm. The wing upperside varies from ochre-yellow to brown, as a rule with a wide lighter postdiscal band. In males the sex brands are expressed in a variable extent and may be absent.

From the Polar Ural K.F. Sedykh (1974) described a number of species, namely, O. saepestriata, O. dembowskyi, O. falkovitchi, O. kusnetzovi, O. koslowskyi, O. solopovi. All they were shown by Lukhtanov (1984) to be just the manifestation of individual variation of O. norna.

T.l.: Lapponie Russe", "Siberia" (the northern Far East).

Polar Ural, the North of Siberia and the Far East, the Ochot Sea coast, the arctic N. America. Habitat: various types of fruticulose and moss tundras, raised bogs, open larch woods. Flight: middle June/late July, depending on the locality.

Probable foodplants: Carex. The imagines are very variable. F.w.l.: 21-29 mm. The wing upperside varies from yellow-grey (usually in the butterflies originating from the Far East) to dark-brown, a row of diffuse spots lighter than the ground colour is usually present in the postdiscal area. In the male genitalia the valva is bottle-shaped, its lower edge often with an incision at the apex.

Judging by the coloured illustration at the original description, it was these butterflies which used to be referred to in the literature as Oeneis polixenes (Fabricius, 1775). However, taking into account that the name-bearing type specimen of the latter, originating from "America boreali" has not been studied yet, and the butterflies of "O. polixenes" from USA and N. Asia have substantial morphological differences, we propose to use the name Oe. oeno (Boisduval, 1832) for Asian butterflies. This taxon has been described, a good figure being applied, with remarks "Lapponia Russe" and "Siberia". To our mind, they mean not Lapland as such but the similar landscapes in the Siberian North. The type series was provided by Ivan Eschtolz who, as a member of Kozebu's expedition, collected in the surroundings of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy between 19th of June and 15th of July 1816 and, after 15th of July, on the Svyatogo Lavrentiya Island. The same butterflies were often considered also as Oeneis crambis (Freyer, 1845), stated by the butterflies from Norway, the situation with which is also far from being explicit; most probably it is an European subspecies of Oe. oeno.

Chukotka is inhabited by the nominotypical subspecies, while the taxa beringiana Kurenzov, 1970 and simulans tschukotkensis Kurenzov, 1970 seem to be its synonyms; the subspecies paior Lukhtanov, 1989, described from Polar Ural (the Kharuta-Shor river) and antonovae Lukhtanov, 1989 (the north of West Siberia: the Gydan Peninsula) should also be attributed to this species.

Besides, the taxon rosovi Kurenzov, 1970, has been described from the southern Ochot coast (the mountains at the Tugur river) as a distinct species, a specimen from the Karaginskiy island, at the NE coast of Kamchatka, being added to the type series at first. According to the work by Azarova (1986), another one male has been found by A.I. Kurenzov in "Khabarovskiy Kray". The systematic position of these butterflies still remains vague, we tend to consider them as an Ochot subspecies of Oe. oene. The materials which A.I. Kurenzov (1970) referred to as Oe. chione Austaut, 1911 could probably be attributed to this taxon also.

The species O. philipi Troubridge, 1988 described from NW. Canada (the Klondike river) closely resembles Oe. oeno by the male genitalia structure. It should be noted that in its description the materials originating from the mountain Aborigen in the Magadan region were also mentioned.

T.l.: the South Yamal: the Krasnyy Kamen' station.

Polar Ural, the South Yamal, the Gydan and Taymyr Peninsula; the north of Middle and East Siberia, Chukotka, the Bureinskiy mountain region (the settlement Chegdomyn). A local species. Habitat: moss/fruticulose and dwarf birch tundras, including bogged up ones, open bogged up larch woods, raised bogs. Flight: late June/early August, depending on the locality.

The imagines are very variable. Only females are described and reliably known (probably this is a parthenogenetic species). F.w.l.: 24-31 mm. The wing upperside is dark-brown; the postdiscal band is light-brown, 5-7 mm wide, or it is replaced by obscure brands of the same colour; the hind wing underside pattern is typical for Oe. (norna) group.

From the Kolyma and Anadyr' basins the taxon arethusoides Lukhtanov, 1989, has been described (the holotype originates from Srednekolymsk), which seems to be the subspecies of Oe. patrushevae; later it has been found on the Suntar-Khayata mountain range and in the upper flow of the Bureya river (the settlement Chegdomyn, E.V. Novomodnyy leg.); on the other hand, the butterflies corresponding to the nominotypical subspecies were also found in Yakutia by V.V. Dubatolov: on the Aldan river and at the mouth of the Kurbelyakh river in the headwaters of the Vostochnaya Khandyga river.

Etymology: Vera Dmitrievna Patrusheva (1933-1976), an entomologist of ISEA (Novosibirsk), a participant of many northern expeditions.

T.l.: E. Yakutia, the Endybal river.

The northern Yakutia, the Magadan region (the settlement Srednekolymsk, the Kegali river), Chukotka, the mountains of Bureya (the headwaters of the Pravaya Bureya river). A local species. Habitat: open larch woods, moss/fruticulose tundras. Flight: the second half of June/July.

Only females are known, probably a parthenogenetic species. The wing upperside is chocolate dark-brown, without light bands and spots; in the postdiscal area there are two ocelli on the fore wing and one ocellus on the hind wing.

The taxon resembles Oe. patrushevae, probably being only its ecological form pertained to more continental regions. The subspecies czekanowskii Lukhtanov, 1989, has been stated from the Olenek basin (the Verkhnyaya Tomba river); similar butterflies were collected in the headwaters of Vostochnaya Khandyga in Yakutia and in the Magadan region (the Kegali river valley), and in the mountains of Buryeya (E.V. Novomodnyi leg.), while the butterflies corresponding to the nominotypical subspecies were found by V.V. Dubatolov on the Suntar-Khayata mountain range (the valleys of the Kyurbelyakh, Suntar, In'yali rivers).

T.l.: Altai.

The mountains of South Siberia and Mongolia. Habitat: alpine meadows, montane tundras, subalpine larch parklands at 1600-2600 m; rarely forest meadows or montane steppes. The imagines were observed feeding on the flowers of Calliantheum sajanense. Flight: middle June/middle July.

Imago: F.w.l.: 24-32 mm. The wing colouration is bright and contrasted, the postdiscal area being wide, ochre-coloured, on the fore wing of male its internal edge is sharply bordered by a sex-brand.

The subspecies tundra Bang-Haas, 1912, is known from the Sayans.

T.l.: Tuva, the Shurmak settlement.

The species is known by four females, which were collected by Sergey Nikolaev in late June and early July on a steppefied slope on the East Tannu-Ola mountain range together with Oe. (norna) altaica tundra.

Imago: F.w.l.: 26-27 mm. The wing upperside is brown with ochre-coloured bands 5-6 mm wide which contain black blind ocelli, while all the ocelli on the wing underside contain white pupils. These butterflies differ from Oe. (norna) altaica tundra mostly by the shape of the anthevaginal plate of the genitalia, besides, the cell on the fore wing underside is dark, while in different forms of Oe. (norna) altaica it is light or contains more or less expressed lightening.

Ts.: Papilio galathea Linnaeus, 1758.

F.w.l.: 23-31 mm. The wing upperside is white with a pattern composed of black angular spots. The pupae lie on the ground.

A Palearctic genus with 12 species.

T.l.: Povolzhyethe Volga basin].

S. Europe, West Asia north-east to the forest-steppes of West and Middle Siberia, the piedmonts of Altai and the Sayans, E. Kazakhstan. A local species. Habitat: steppes of various types, steppen pastures, wasting and long-fallow lands, steppefied meadows at "kolki" [birch groves] and "bory" [pine woods], bushy slopes, along steppefied river terraces the species locally penetrates into the southern taiga subzone. The imagines were observed feeding on the flowers of Dianthus, Allium, Thymus marschallianus, Leucanthemum vulgare, and others. Flight: middle June/middle July, locally early June/early August.

Foodplants: Phleum phleoides, P. pratense, Poa, Bromus, Elytrigia, Brachipodium, and other Poaceae. Hibernation occurs at the larval stage.

Imago: F.w.l.: 26-29 mm. On the wing upperside the white colour predominates substantially over the black; the pattern of the hind wing underside consists of a full yellowish dsicoidal band bordered by black lines and 4-5 yellowish postdiscal ocelli, ringed with black and with black pupils, while black spots are absent

T.l.: Central Europe.

Europe (except for the North), N. Africa, Anterior Asia, South Ural. Habitat: meadows and edges in dry woods. Flight: middle June/middle July.

Foodplants: Phleum phleoides, P. pratense, Elytrigia, Poa, Bromus, Dactylis, Holcus, Triticum, and other Poaceae. Eggs: globular, about 1 mm in diameter, white with yellow base and micropyle; laid singly on the foodplant leaves, or they are scattered by a flying female near it. Hibernation occurs at the larval stage. There are two colour forms of larvae: either bright-green (which, however, becomes yellow before pupation) or sand-coloured, yellowish-grey. There are light streaks along the back and sides, which are hardly noticeable on the green background but are distinct on a sandy one, as well as double whitish-yellow lines at white spiracles. The head is yellow or red-grey; the caudal spinules are red or brown. The body bears short hairs; the length of the larva is up to 30 mm. Pupa: egg-shaped, smooth, yellowish, with two dark blunt "horns" on the head.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-26 mm. On the wing upperside the white and black colours are nearly equally represented. On the hind wing underside there is an interrupted brownish-grey dsicoidal band and five light postdiscal ocelli, ringed with black and with black pupils, on a brownish-grey spots.

T.l.: the mountains of Bureya.

Zabaikalye (the Shilka basin), Priamurye (downstream to the Gorin river), Primorye, E. Mongolia. NE. China, Korea. Habitat: Calamagrostis and herb meadows in river valleys and on mountain slopes, fields. Flight: July/August.

Foodplants: Calamagrostis epigeios is known.

Imago: F.w.l.: 23-27 mm. The hind wing underside is white, without distinct dark spots; the postdiscal area with 4-5 diffuse grey-ochre ocelli. Similar species: M. epimede.

T.l.: the Amur region.

Priamurye (from the Zeya to the Gorin river), Primorye, NE. China, Korea. Habitat: open oak woods, meadows in valley broad-leaved and mixed forests. Flight: middle July/September.

Foodplants: Agrotis clavata is known.

Imago: F.w.l.: 28-31 mm. As compared with the similar species M. halimede, the dark pattern on the wing upperside is widened; the hind wing underside is white with large dark-brown spots at the outer margin containing 4-5 diffuse ochre ocelli.